Influenza A H9N2: Aspects of Laboratory Diagnosis

Peiris, Malik; Yam, Wing Cheong; Chan, Kwok‐Hung; Ghose, Purnima; Shortridge, K. F.

doi:10.1128/jcm.37.10.3426-3427.1999

Cited by 61 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…In 2003, an HPAI H7N7 virus was found to transmit from ducks to humans; 89 cases of human infection were confirmed, and one patient died from severe pneumonia [26] . Several other AIV H7 strains, including HPAI H7N3, LPAI H7N3, and LPAI H7N2, have had sporadic outbreaks in recent years resulting in only mild illness in humans [12,[27][28][29][30][31][32] . The latest LPAI H7N9 outbreak in China, however, caused several deaths due to severe pneumonia and related complications [4,[33][34][35][36] .…”

Section: Human Infections With Aivmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents

Liu

Yang

2013

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Since 1997, several epizootic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been transmitted to humans, causing diseases and even deaths. The recent emergence of severe human infections with AIV (H7N9) in China has raised concerns about efficient interpersonal viral transmission, polygenic traits in viral pathogenicity and the management of newly emerging strains. The symptoms associated with viral infection are different in various AI strains: H5N1 and newly emerged H7N9 induce severe pneumonia and related complications in patients, while some H7 and H9 subtypes cause only conjunctivitis or mild respiratory symptoms. The virulence and tissue tropism of viruses as well as the host responses contribute to the pathogenesis of human AIV infection. Several preventive and therapeutic approaches have been proposed to combat AIV infection, including antiviral drugs such as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, attachment inhibitors and signal-transduction inhibitors etc. In this article, we summarize the recent progress in researches on the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenicity determinants, and available or potential antivirals of AIV.

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Section: Human Infections With Aivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1999, when the first human infection of LPAI H9N2 was detected in Hong Kong, this virus has been infrequently isolated from humans [30] . The symptoms associated with H9N2 infection are generally mild, and there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission [30][31][32] .…”

Section: Human Infections With Aivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents

Liu

Yang

2013

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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“…Samples were collected in a 2× phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) containing antibiotics (10,000 IU/ml penicillin and 1 mg/ml streptomycin sulfate) and an antifungal (20 IU/ml nystatin). Other virus isolates (four from nine) were available at the central lab of the Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran (Swayne et al 1998;Peiris et al 1999a).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. PCR products were purified with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, and USA) (Capua and Alexander 2009;Hoffmann et al 2001;Peiris et al 1999a).…”

Section: Rt and Pcr Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-length characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 virus isolated from broilers in Iran during 1998–2007

et al. 2012

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H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIV) have become panzootic in Eurasia over the last decade and are endemic in Iran since 1998, and inactivated vaccine has been used in chickens to control the disease. The hemagglutinin (HA), one of eight protein-coding genes, plays an important role during the early stage of infection. To study their evolution and zoonotic potential, we conducted an in silico analysis of H9N2 viruses that have infected broiler in Tehran Province, Iran between 1998 and 2007. The complete coding region of HA genes from nine H9N2 subtypes isolated from chicken flocks in Tehran Province during 1998-2007 was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies of H9N2 subtype viruses on the basis of data of 9 viruses in this study and 30 selected strains are available in the GenBank. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed a large number of similar substitution mutations and close evolutionary relation among sequences of HA. The isolates possessed two types of amino acid motif -R-S-S-R/G-Land -R-S-N-R/G-L-at the cleavage site of HA. The results showed that all nine representative H9N2 isolates belong to low pathogenic AIVs since none of the amino acid sequences at the cleavage site of the HA of the isolates possessed the basic motif required for highly pathogenic viruses (R-X-R/K-R). Six out of these nine isolates possessed leucine at position 226, which prevails in the sequences found in human strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all our isolates belonged to the G1-like sublineage. Also, these isolates showed some degree of homology with other H9N2 isolates, e.g., 89.46-93.93.39% with qu/HK/G1/97 and 93.39-98.39% with pa/Narita/92A/98. The available evidence indicates that HA genes of H9 influenza virus circulating in Iran during the past years were not well conserved. Our finding emphasizes the importance of reinforcing AIV surveillance, especially after the emergence of high pathogenicity in poultry in Iran.

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“…Infection by H9N2 was first detected in turkeys in Wisconsin in 1966 (Homme & Easterday 1970), then H9N2 subtype viruses were found circulating in shore birds and wild ducks in North America (Kawaoka et al 1988). In Asia, infections by the H9 subtype of AIV were reported in chickens and pigs since the late 1990s (Peiris et al 1999a;Guo et al 2000), and in 1999 the first confirmed cases of human infection with H9N2 virus shocked the world (Peiris et al 1999b). Recently a Hong Kong H9N2 virus isolated in 1997 was deposited in GenBank (A/Hong Kong/W213/1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza virus,Streptococcus suisserotype 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in China

Feng

Liu

et al. 2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The outbreak and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and the subsequent identification of its animal origin study have heightened the world's awareness of animal-borne or zoonotic pathogens. In addition to SARS, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1, and the lower pathogenicity H9N2 AIV have expanded their host ranges to infect human beings and other mammalian species as well as birds. Even the ‘well-known’ reservoir animals for influenza virus, migratory birds, became victims of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. Not only the viruses, but bacteria can also expand their host range: a new disease, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, caused by human Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection, has been observed in China with 52 human fatalities in two separate outbreaks (1998 and 2005, respectively). Additionally, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has increased worldwide with severe disease. Several outbreaks and sporadic isolations of this pathogen in China have made it an important target for disease control. A new highly pathogenic variant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been isolated in both China and Vietnam recently; although PRRSV is not a zoonotic human pathogen, its severe outbreaks have implications for food safety. All of these pathogens occur in Southeast Asia, including China, with severe consequences; therefore, we discuss the issues in this article by addressing the situation of the zoonotic threat in China.

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Influenza A H9N2: Aspects of Laboratory Diagnosis

Cited by 61 publications

References 4 publications

Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents

Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents

Full-length characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 virus isolated from broilers in Iran during 1998–2007

Avian influenza virus,Streptococcus suisserotype 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in China

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