Influencing the future: interactions of skeleton, energy, protein and calcium during late gestation and early lactation

Lean, I.J.; DeGaris, Peter J.; Celi, Pietro; McNeill, David; Rodney, R.M.; Fraser, David R.

doi:10.1071/an14479

Cited by 38 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…These diets, fed for a limited time before calving, have a prolonged positive effect on dairy cow production and health that extends into lactation (Block, 1984;DeGroot et al, 2010). Lean et al (2014) found that when diets with lower DCAD (mEq/kg) were fed before calving, milk yield increased in multiparous but not nulliparous cows. Lean et al (2014) suggested that the mechanisms that lead to prolonged milk yield responses and better health following a limited period, typically 25 d, of feeding diets lower in DCAD require further exploration to both understand and possibly enhance these responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Lean

Santos

Block³

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Prepartum diets influence cow performance for weeks to months postpartum. This observation leads to questions about milk yield and physiological and health responses to diets with negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD). Further, responses to increased intake of a diet with lower DCAD (Eq/d) have not been explored using meta-analysis. Our objectives were to explore the effects of prepartum DCAD intake on metabolism and production and health as well as the potential for differences in intake of other macrominerals to influence responses to differences in DCAD intake using classical meta-analytical methods. Not all treated groups were fed a diet with negative DCAD, and the effect studied is that of reducing the DCAD. We hypothesized that reducing DCAD intake would improve Ca metabolism and postpartum performance. We used a maximum of 58 comparisons from 31 experiments and a total of 1,571 cows. Intakes of DCAD were 2.28 Eq/d and −0.64 Eq/d for the control, higher DCAD and treated, lower DCAD groups, respectively. Diets with lower DCAD reduced urine pH [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.90 and weighted mean difference (WMD) −1.23 pH]. Intake of lower DCAD decreased prepartum DMI (SMD = 0.23; WMD = 0.29 kg/d), increased postpartum DMI (SMD = 0.40; WMD = 0.63 kg/d), and increased milk yield (SMD = 0.172). However, we found an interaction with parity; diets with lower DCAD increased milk yield in parous cows (SMD = 0.29; WMD = 1.1 kg/d) but resulted in numerically lower milk yield in nulliparous cows (SMD = −0.20; WMD = 1.28 kg/d) compared with controls. The FCM yield increased with treatment (SMD = 0.12; WMD = 0.56 kg/d); however, yield of treated cows tended to be greater in parous cows but smaller for nulliparous cows compared with controls. Milk fat percentage, milk fat yield, and milk protein percentages were not affected by treatment, although milk protein yield tended to increase in cows fed the lower DCAD diet (SMD = 0.21; WMD = 0.02 kg/d). Treatment increased blood Ca (SMD = 0.53; WMD = 0.13 mM) and P (SMD = 0.40; WMD = 0.13 mM) on the day of calving and Ca postpartum (SMD = 0.36; WMD = 0.06 mM). Treated cows had smaller concentration of blood BHB before calving than controls (SMD = −0.39; WMD = −0.04 mM). Reducing DCAD in cows resulted in decreased risks of clinical hypocalcemia (risk ratio = 0.60) and retained placenta (risk ratio = 0.59), and reduced the odds of metritis (odds ratio = 0.46) and overall disease (OR = 0.61). We observed no effect on risk of abomasal displacement or mastitis and no effect of differences between treated and control cows in Ca intake (g/d) on the outcomes evaluated. A positive role for increased Mg intake between groups for increased milk fat yield and in reducing the risk of retained placenta was identified. Diets with lower DCAD improved performance of parous dairy cows, and our findings suggest a need for more studies on the effects of a lower DCAD on nulliparous transition cows.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Lean

Santos

Block³

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…For example, bone calcium and glucose are causally linked through osteocalcin and insulin metabolism, as was shown in murine studies (Lee et al, 2007), and reviewed in a bovine context (Lean et al, 2014). Elegant intervention studies by Martinez et al (2014) demonstrated the central role of hypocalcaemia in influencing insulin and glucose concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Good nutritional management of dairy cattle during the transition period can improve their responses to the metabolic challenges posed by late pregnancy and early lactation (Bell, 1995;Lean et al, 2014). Hence, metabolic status and dietary interventions before calving are valuable to study as predictors of future productivity and reproductive performance (Bell, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precalving and early lactation factors that predict milk casein and fertility in the transition dairy cow

Rodney

Hall²,

Westwood³

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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Multiparous Holstein cows (n=82) of either high or low genetic merit (GM) (for milk fat + protein yield) were allocated to 1 of 2 diets in a 2×2 factorial design. Diets differed in the ratio of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) to rumen-degradable protein (37% RUP vs. 15% RUP) and were fed from 21 d precalving to 150 days in milk. This study evaluated the effects of these diets and GM on concentrations of milk casein (CN) variants and aimed to identify precalving and early lactation variables that predict milk CN and protein yield and composition and fertility of dairy cows. It explored the hypothesis that low milk protein content is associated with lower fertility and extended this hypothesis to also evaluate the association of CN contents with fertility. Yields (kg/d) for CN variants were 0.49 and 0.45 of α-CN, 0.38 and 0.34 of β-CN, 0.07 and 0.06 for κ-CN, and 0.10 and 0.09 of γ-CN for high- and low-RUP diets, respectively. Increased RUP increased milk, CN, and milk protein yields. Increased GM increased milk protein and γ-CN yields and tended to increase milk CN yield. The effects of indicator variables on CN variant yields and concentrations were largely consistent, with higher body weight and α-amino nitrogen resulting in higher yields, but lower concentrations. An increase in cholesterol was associated with decreased CN variant concentrations, and disease lowered CN variant yield. A diet high in RUP increased proportion of first services that resulted in pregnancy from 41 to 58%. Increased precalving metabolizable protein (MP) balance decreased the proportion of first services that resulted in pregnancy when evaluated in a model containing CN percentage, milk protein yield, diet, and GM. This finding suggests that the positive effects of increasing dietary RUP on fertility may be curvilinear because cows with a very positive MP balance before calving were less fertile than those with a lower, but positive, MP balance. Prepartum MP balance was important to production and reproductive outcomes, but surprisingly, metabolizable energy balance was not. The hazard of pregnancy in the first 150 d of lactation was 28% lower in cows producing milk with the lowest quartile of protein percentage compared with cows with milk in the upper 3 quartiles. Milk CN percentage was positively associated with improved pregnancy at first service. This study demonstrates the importance of protein metabolism to reproductive performance of the dairy cow.

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“…It is reported that in last weeks of pregnancy and at the beginning of lactation, high energy demand intensify maternal https://doi.org/10.33785/IJDS.2019.v72i04.007 metabolism due to augmented mitochondrial activity in maternal tissues (Aurousseau et al 2006). The imbalance between the rate of ROS production and their neutralization lead to the oxidative stress and increase antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (Lean, 2014). Therefore, production of ROS during late gestation and early lactation is intensified and it is reasonable to assume that the high BCS combined with high milk yield in the previous lactation might result in higher metabolic and oxidative stress (Castillo, 2005;Pedernera et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of body condition score and parity on oxidative stress indicators of periparturient Iranian dairy buffaloes

Afsharhamidi¹,

Maheri-Sis²,

Sadegipanah³

et al. 2019

IJDS

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This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of parity and body condition score (BCS) pre-calving on oxidative stress indices of 43 milking buffaloes in transition period. The experiment was performed based on completely randomized design with unequal replications, using 3*4 factorial experiments comprising four levels of BCS (2.5-2.99; 3-3.49; 3.5-3.99 and 4-4.5) at two weeks before calving and three groups of parity (1; 2-5 and >5). Blood samples were collected from experimental animals in three stages including: 14 days before parturition, parturition day and 14 days after parturition. The results showed that the serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the highest BCS (4-4.5) group were significantly higher than that of other BCS groups; while the serum gamma-glutamyl transaminase (GGT) activity was decreased with increasing BCS. In addition, blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the lowest level of BCS (2.5-3) were significantly lower than that of other groups. The higher serum catalase activity as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed in the BCS of 3.5-3.99. At periparturient period, MDA level and GPx and catalase activities at calving day and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST at 14 days after calving were increased significantly. Moreover, it is observed that multiparous buffaloes have significantly higher oxidative stress indicators than primiparous animals. Based on the results of this study, activity of oxidative stress factors in dairy buffaloes with a higher BSC at parturition significantly increased in 14 days after calving, which indicates an increase in the metabolism of lipids and proteins in these conditions.

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Influencing the future: interactions of skeleton, energy, protein and calcium during late gestation and early lactation

Cited by 38 publications

References 99 publications

Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Precalving and early lactation factors that predict milk casein and fertility in the transition dairy cow

Effects of body condition score and parity on oxidative stress indicators of periparturient Iranian dairy buffaloes

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