Influencing factors, repeatability and correlation of chamber methods in measuring formaldehyde emissions from fiber- and particleboards

Hemmilä, Venla; Meyer, B.; Larsen, Annelise; Schwab, Harald; Αδαμόπουλος, Στέργιος

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102420

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Formaldehyde-free wood particleboards with soybean protein adhesives have also been reported by others (Ferguson et al 2014). The low detectable levels of formaldehyde associated with the natural adhesive/PAE-based particleboards were within natural wood levels (Hemmilä et al 2019a). Based on the overall results, the combination of the natural materials (soy flour, MgO, and the plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate) showed good potential for developing formaldehyde-free adhesives for particleboards.…”

Section: )supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Formaldehyde was reclassified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004 (IARC 2006), while a new classification entered into force for the European Union in June 2014, following the Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/491 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP Regulation). The discussions on both the availability of fossil resources for producing millions of tons of amino resins every year and the restrictions on formaldehyde emissions from finished wood composite products are expected to intensify (Salthammer et al 2010;Hemmilä et al 2019a). The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adapted the California Air Resources Board (CARB) emission limits in 2017 (EPA 2017), and formaldehyde in indoor environments is a current legislative topic around the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A formaldehyde-free adhesive for particleboards based on soy flour, magnesium oxide, and a plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate

Balducci¹,

Αδαμόπουλος

Pettinari

et al. 2020

BioRes

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An adhesive for particleboards based on natural materials was prepared. Soy flour (38.9 wt%), magnesium oxide (MgO) (2.8 wt%), and a hydrolysate from an agricultural crop (13.9 wt%) were mixed with water and ground in a ball mill at 44% solids. The solubility and interaction of the soy flour proteins and the proteins contained in the plant hydrolysate were triggered by the strong basic environment created by MgO in the presence of water. The natural adhesive appeared to be thermally stable at temperatures from 130 °C to 240 °C, with unchanged mass and no major signals in the thermal analysis curves. These results, together with a viscosity of 510 Pa·s at 25 °C, suggested a good operability of the adhesive. Three-layered particleboards were manufactured with weight combinations of natural adhesive and polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) of 0%:100%, 33%:67%, 50%:50%, 67%:33%, and 100%:0%. The natural adhesive showed inferior internal bond strength and poor water resistance compared with urea-formaldehyde-bonded boards. Addition of the PAE significantly improved the internal bond and swelling, and for all the combinations these properties were comparable or, in most cases, better than in the urea-formaldehyde controls. All boards were formaldehyde-free, while the natural adhesive itself released no dangerous volatile substances.

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Section: )supporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A formaldehyde-free adhesive for particleboards based on soy flour, magnesium oxide, and a plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate

Balducci¹,

Αδαμόπουλος

Pettinari

et al. 2020

BioRes

Self Cite

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“…Formaldehyde emission measurements with 0.044 m 3 Dynamic Micro Chamber (DMC) were performed according to ASTM D 6007–14 [44] standard method (10.39 m 2 /m 3 of particleboard at 25 °C, 50% relative humidity, and an air exchange rate of 12.19 h −1 ), as described previously [45]. The ASTM D 6007–14 method was chosen for being fast and for having a good correlation to EN 717–1 chamber method [46].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonium Lignosulfonate Adhesives for Particleboards with pMDI and Furfuryl Alcohol as Crosslinkers

et al. 2019

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Tightening formaldehyde emission limits and the need for more sustainable materials have boosted research towards alternatives to urea-formaldehyde adhesives for wood-based panels. Lignin residues from biorefineries consist of a growing raw material source but lack reactivity. Two crosslinkers were tested for ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS)—bio-based furfuryl alcohol (FOH) and synthetic polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). The addition of mimosa tannin to ALS before crosslinking was also evaluated. The derived ALS adhesives were used for gluing 2-layered veneer samples and particleboards. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed a reduction of curing temperature and heat for the samples with crosslinkers. Light microscopy showed that the FOH crosslinked samples had thicker bondlines and higher penetration, which occurred mainly through vessels. Tensile shear strength values of 2-layered veneer samples glued with crosslinked ALS adhesives were at the same level as the melamine reinforced urea-formaldehyde (UmF) reference. For particleboards, the FOH crosslinked samples showed a significant decrease in mechanical properties (internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR)) and thickness swelling. For pMDI crosslinked samples, these properties increased compared to the UmF. Although the FOH crosslinked ALS samples can be classified as non-added-formaldehyde adhesives, their emissions were higher than what can be expected to be sourced from the particles.

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The Challenge of Environment-Friendly Adhesives for Bio-Composites

Ghahri

Bari

Pizzi

2021

Eco-Friendly Adhesives for Wood and Natural Fiber Composites

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Influencing factors, repeatability and correlation of chamber methods in measuring formaldehyde emissions from fiber- and particleboards

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

A formaldehyde-free adhesive for particleboards based on soy flour, magnesium oxide, and a plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate

A formaldehyde-free adhesive for particleboards based on soy flour, magnesium oxide, and a plant-derived enzymatic hydrolysate

Ammonium Lignosulfonate Adhesives for Particleboards with pMDI and Furfuryl Alcohol as Crosslinkers

The Challenge of Environment-Friendly Adhesives for Bio-Composites

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