Influencing factors of moisture measurement when using microwave reflection method

Kurik, Lembit; Kalamees, Targo; Kallavus, Urve; Sinivee, Veljo

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.675

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This study reinforces findings from other studies (Gartner 2010;Kurik et al 2017;Orr et al 2020) that the MMMS can be usefully applied to cultural heritage settings to understand moisture dynamics. The calibration done in this study shows that the MMMS can be used on basaltic scoria.…”

Section: Advantages Of the Mmmssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The efficacy of the microwave moisture meter in accurately sensing a range of moisture contents for different building stones (Blaeuer et al 2009;Kurik et al 2017;Orr et al 2020) and brick (Gartner 2010) has been tested in laboratory settings with different set ups. Granite, limestone, dolostone and sandstones have been the focus of these studies but as yet no studies have been done to test the MMMS on basaltic scoria (as found in Lalibela).…”

Section: Gravimetric Calibration Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonality in Moisture Dynamics in the Walls of the rock-cut Churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia: Implications for Weathering

Taye

Viles

Orr

2022

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

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Moisture plays a key role in rock decay in the built and natural environments. Rock-cut sites are particularly vulnerable to moisture-related weathering as they are carved into rock outcrops and do not have impermeable foundations or roofs to retard the flow of moisture. To characterise the moisture dynamics and its influence on weathering of rock-cut sites, we undertook a moisture monitoring campaign using a non-destructive Microwave Moisture Measurement System (MMMS) at two monolithic rock-cut churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia. The results showed that the walls were more saturated at depth than on the surface during the wet season. This suggests that low surface temperature and higher moisture content at depth will lead to constant-rate drying and accumulation of salts on the surface of the walls during the wet season. In the dry season, there was higher saturation near the surface than at depth (falling-rate drying). High rock surface temperature during the dry season contributes to subsurface drying and accumulation of salts below the surface. This seasonally shifting moisture dynamics will lead to a complex and dynamic damage profile. This study highlights the significant wetting facilitated by a lack of impermeable roofs and foundations at rock-cut structures during rainy periods.

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Section: Advantages Of the Mmmssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Gravimetric Calibration Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality in Moisture Dynamics in the Walls of the rock-cut Churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia: Implications for Weathering

Taye

Viles

Orr

2022

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

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An ‘isolated diffusion’ gravimetric calibration procedure for radar and microwave moisture measurement in porous building stone

Orr

Young

Stelfox

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Geophysics

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Development of the experimental stand for investigation of heating and drying phenomena in the porous building materials with one surface of the sample exposed to the flowing air

et al. 2018

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The paper presents development of the experimental stand for investigation of heating and drying phenomena in the porous building materials with one surface of the sample exposed to the flowing air. Moreover, results of preliminary measurements which verify the range of operating conditions achieved by the stand are shown. These conditions were assumed in the following range: 15℃-60℃, 10-90% and 0.1-10 m/s for temperature, relative humidity and velocity of the flowing air, respectively. In order to control the parameters of air used for heating and drying of porous materials, a closed-loop concept of the stand was proposed and equipped with several elements, i.e., the cooler (vapour condenser), fan with variable rotational speed, humidifier and heater. Furthermore, two parallel measurement ducts which allow to obtain two air streams with identical parameters were proposed. This enables two measurements at one time as well as faster verification of the repeatability of the performed measurements. The temperature measurements at the top surface and inside the sample are carried out applying the IR thermography and several K-type thermocouples, respectively, while overall moisture amount and the moisture content distribution in the specimen are found using tensometric force and electrical resistance meters, respectively.

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Influencing factors of moisture measurement when using microwave reflection method

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Seasonality in Moisture Dynamics in the Walls of the rock-cut Churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia: Implications for Weathering

Seasonality in Moisture Dynamics in the Walls of the rock-cut Churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia: Implications for Weathering

An ‘isolated diffusion’ gravimetric calibration procedure for radar and microwave moisture measurement in porous building stone

Development of the experimental stand for investigation of heating and drying phenomena in the porous building materials with one surface of the sample exposed to the flowing air

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