“…However, there is now a burgeoning list of other extrapulmonary effects associated with exposure to air pollution (albeit PM 10 , PM 2.5 , or proximity to roadways, rather than ultrafine PM per se ). These include diabetes and metabolic syndrome [8], neurological effects (impaired cognition, depression, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease [9,10]) and potential teratogenic and epigenetic effects from exposure in utero [11,12]. There are also emerging reports of air pollution affecting the kidneys [13], the gastrointestinal system [14], the liver [15], stem cells [16], mortality following organ transplantation [17], diseases of the skin [18], fertility [19] and various cancers [[20], [21], [22], [23]] (Fig.…”