Influences of specimen size and heating mode on the ignitability of polymeric materials in typical small‐scale fire test conditions

Wang, Yong; Zhang, Jun

doi:10.1002/fam.1103

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The LOI slightly decreased when APP was partly replaced by Ni-PO, which indicated the Ni-PO did not perform better than APP in fire inhibition under typical smallscale fire test conditions. 33 Cone calorimetry is a quantitative test method that can effectively evaluate the combustion behaviors of polymer materials under real-world fire condition. 34 Heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) curves for W-PLA and its composites were displayed in Figure 5, respectively.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Derived Hierarchically Mesoporous Nickel Phosphate toward Smoke Suppression and Mechanical Enhancement of Intumescent Flame Retardant Wood Fiber/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Zhang

Chen

Pan

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Over the past decade, the use of metal–organic framework derived materials has emerged as a novel direction to prepare high performance polymer composites. In this work, nickel based metal–organic framework (Ni-MOF) was synthesized via a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable approach. Ni-MOF derived hierarchically mesoporous nickel phosphate was prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. Morphological evolution from Ni-MOF to nickel phosphate during the synthesis was clearly revealed. The microsized rod-like nickel phosphate was evaluated in both smoke suppression and mechanical enhancement of intumescent flame retardant wood fiber/poly(lactic acid) system. The cone calorimeter test showed a 43% reduction in total smoke production when 5 wt % ammonium polyphosphate was substituted by nickel phosphate. More importantly, both tensile and impact strength of the composites were improved with the addition of nickel phosphate. The as-synthesized nickel phosphate proved to be a promising substitution for ammonium polyphosphate in wood fiber/poly(lactic acid) composites.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cotton was ignited by the dripping of W-PLA-3 and W-PLA-5 during UL-94 test, leading to a V-2 rating for the materials. The LOI slightly decreased when APP was partly replaced by Ni-PO, which indicated the Ni-PO did not perform better than APP in fire inhibition under typical small-scale fire test conditions …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Derived Hierarchically Mesoporous Nickel Phosphate toward Smoke Suppression and Mechanical Enhancement of Intumescent Flame Retardant Wood Fiber/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Zhang

Chen

Pan

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Differentiated assessment and mechanistic aspects of burning are not considered. In the literature, some studies deal with the quantitative analysis of the testing conditions or the materials' behaviour in the UL 94 test, but more detailed or modelling approaches are rare .…”

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confidence: 99%

Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion

et al. 2014

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SUMMARYAn experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the fire behaviour of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) in the vertical UL 94 scenario is presented. Four PC/ABS blends were discussed, which satisfy different UL 94 classifications due to the competing effects of gasification, charring, flame inhibition and melt flow/dripping. For numerical investigation, the particle finite element method (PFEM) is used. Its capability to model the complex fire behaviour of polymers in the UL 94 is analysed. The materials' properties are characterised, in particular the additives impact on the dripping behaviour during thermal exposure. BDP is an efficient plasticiser; adding PTFE prevents dripping by causing a flow limit. PFEM simulations reproduce the dripping and burning behaviour, in particular the competition between gasification and dripping. The thermal impact of both the burner and the flame is approximated taking into account flame inhibition, charring and effective heat of combustion. PFEM is a promising numerical tool for the investigation of the fire behaviour of polymers, particularly when large deformations are involved. Not only the principal phenomena but also the different UL 94 classifications and the extinction times are well predicted.

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“…The coated wooden sticks were tested for their flammability performance, using a vertical burning protocol which approximates the UL‐94 method used for plastics . The wooden sticks were clamped in a metal clamp, then a blue natural gas flame measuring 20 mm was applied at a 90° angle at a distance of 10 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid screening test for flame retardation of wood, and its applicability to thermoplastic polymer systems

Deans

Jefferson

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A rapid screening process was developed to investigate the flame-retardant properties of new materials and compositions. Wooden tongue depressors ("sticks") were coated in solutions/suspensions of compositions of interest and tested in a method similar to that of the UL-94 vertical burn test. The concentration of additives applied to the wooden sticks, as well as the additive application and drying times influenced the burning performance of the sticks, a useful screening method for testing flame retardants applied to wood products. The most promising combination of flame retardants from the wooden stick tests were then compounded into polyolefins, which were tested according to the UL(94) vertical burn protocol. A strong correlation was found between UL(94) results for low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene and polypropylene, and the wooden stick flammability data. This test, therefore, shows promise as a simple, inexpensive, and rapid way to screen new materials and compositions for flammability. V C 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46602.

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Influences of specimen size and heating mode on the ignitability of polymeric materials in typical small‐scale fire test conditions

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Derived Hierarchically Mesoporous Nickel Phosphate toward Smoke Suppression and Mechanical Enhancement of Intumescent Flame Retardant Wood Fiber/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Derived Hierarchically Mesoporous Nickel Phosphate toward Smoke Suppression and Mechanical Enhancement of Intumescent Flame Retardant Wood Fiber/Poly(lactic acid) Composites

Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion

Rapid screening test for flame retardation of wood, and its applicability to thermoplastic polymer systems

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