Influences of sea level changes and the South Asian Monsoon on southern Red Sea oceanography over the last 30 ka

Abstract

The southern Red Sea is a key region for investigating the effect of climate forces on a semi-closed basin. Detailed micropaleontological (planktic foraminifera) and isotopic (δ18Ο, δ13C) analyses along with reconstructions of sea surface temperature and salinity on a sediment core from the Farasan banks revealed the imprints of sea level changes and the South Asian Monsoon on the area. Comparison with surrounding records provided insights on the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden (GoA)-Northwestern Arabian Sea (NWArS) water exchange pattern over the last 30 ka. During glacial sea-level lowstand, flow of water from the GoA prevented hypersalinity in the southern Red Sea. Deglacial sea level rise improved water mass exchange between the NWArS, GoA and the entire Red Sea, resulting in relatively similar surface water conditions during the early Holocene when sea-level rise slowed. Thus, sea level change is the major driver of Red Sea δ18O variability. Southwest Monsoon (SWM), which was dominant during the late glacial and Early–Middle Holocene, enhanced surface productivity in the southern Red Sea. Northeast Monsoon (NEM) dominated around Heinrich stadial 1, as indicated by a nearly aplanktonic zone that was probably caused by restricted GoA inflow and low productivity.

Distinct oxygenation modes of the Gulf of Oman during the past 43,000 years – a multi-proxy approach

“…Weak ISM phases occurred also during the LGM in NE India (Dutt et al, 2015) and the eastern Arabian Sea (Saravanan et al, 2020). In addition, Red Sea sea level was too low during that time (Sergiou et al, 2022;Siddall et al, 2003) to induce significant RSW influence on bottom water deoxygenation in the Gulf of Oman. The Persian Gulf plays no role in contributing water masses to the Gulf of Oman as it was nearly completely dry until the LGM and had no connection to the Gulf of Oman (Lambeck, 1996;Stoffers and Ross, 1979).…”

Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolution of a Semi-Enclosed Shallow Aegean Basin: A Combination of Seismic Stratigraphy and Sediment Core Proxies

“…The development of shallow marine habitats, such as lagoons and semi-enclosed bays, was driven by topographic configuration (including sill depths), sediment, freshwater, and organic supply. These resulted in a succession of abiotic (lithology, [30,31]) organic and inorganic chemistry and minerals [16,31], oceanography [5,32], and biotic (faunal [33,34] and floral [35]) conditions. Sediments deposited in favorable sites can store informative proxies regarding the variation of the above-mentioned parameters and serve as archives for predicting the evolution of the environment, the climate, and the relative sea level changes of the examined area over time [24].…”