Influences of prolonged viewing of tilted lines on perceived line orientation: the normalization and tilt after-effect

Vaitkevičius, Henrikas; Viliūnas, Vilius; Bliumas, Remigijus; Stanikūnas, Rytis; Švėgžda, Algimantas; Dzekevičiūtė, A.; Kulikowski, JJ

doi:10.1364/josaa.26.001553

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…However, some data suggest that there might be a small renormalising component in addition to the predominant local repulsion (Held, 1963;Müller, Schillinger, et al, 2009;Prentice & Beardslee, 1950;Templeton, 1972;Vaitkevicius et al, 2009). In Chapter 2, I address the most compelling recent evidence for tilt renormalisation (Müller, Schillinger, et al, 2009) and show that it can be explained instead by an interaction between the experimental task, and observers' uneven discrimination sensitivity in the orientation domain.…”

Section: A Measurement Problem: Aftereffects Near a Putative Norm Arementioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the domain of orientation, the vertical and horizontal axes serve as psychological and linguistic reference points, leading many to propose that these cardinal axes play a unique role in how orientation is encoded neurally (Howard, 1982). Evidence for an explicitly norm-based representation of orientation comes from reports that non-cardinal stimuli 'normalise' toward vertical or horizontal during prolonged viewing (Day & Wade, 1969;Gibson & Radner, 1937;Held, 1963;Prentice & Beardslee, 1950;Vaitkevicius et al, 2009).…”

Section: The Present Thesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Controversially, it has also been argued that vertical and horizontal (the cardinal orientations) constitute 'norms' for orientation perception (Gibson & Radner, 1937;Howard, 1982;Müller, Schillinger, et al, 2009), and that over time near-cardinally oriented stimuli can undergo a perceptual change, being drawn toward the nearest cardinal axis -tilt normalisation (Day & Wade, 1969;Gibson & Radner, 1937;Held, 1963;Müller, Schillinger, et al, 2009;Prentice & Beardslee, 1950;Vaitkevicius et al, 2009;Vernon, 1934).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more direct method to measure normalisation is to adapt observers for a period in one part of their visual field, then briefly present a second stimulus elsewhere, estimating the orientation at which the second stimulus appears parallel with the persistent adaptor. Data from such paradigms suggest that a persistent near-vertical standard is seen as less tilted than a brief comparison to which it is either physically (Prentice & Beardslee, 1950;Vaitkevicius et al, 2009) or perceptually (Held, 1963) matched prior to adaptation (although at least one study failed to replicate this effect - Heinemann and Marill (1954)). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dependence on the properties of the comparison suggests the mismatch between brief and prolonged near-cardinal orientations might be a measurement of misperceptions in briefly-presented stimuli rather than normalisation of prolonged stimuli (Howard (1982); for a similar argument regarding putative curvature normalisation see Coren and Festiniger (1967)). Data from experiments in which the orientation of a persistent 'adaptor' is compared to brief comparators (Andrews, 1965(Andrews, , 1967Heinemann & Marill, 1954;Held, 1963;Prentice & Beardslee, 1950;Vaitkevicius et al, 2009) are therefore ambiguous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Storrs¹

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A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015School of Psychology A B S T R A C TThe goal of visual neuroscience is to explain how patterns of neural activity give rise to visual experiences. Here I use visual aftereffects to explore the computational principles underlying the perception of simple, intermediate, and complex forms (orientations, shapes, and faces). Aftereffects occur when exposure to one stimulus changes the appearance of a subsequent stimulus. In the tilt aftereffect, for example, staring at a left-tilted line can make a vertical line seem briefly to lean to the right. Aftereffects are thought to be caused by neural adaptation -changes in the responsiveness of neurons after prolonged stimulation.Visual aftereffects allow us to probe sensory encoding, because adaptation within different encoding schemes can predict different patterns of perceptual aftereffect. I focus on two theories of encoding prominent in the face recognition literature. According to norm-based accounts, faces are represented in terms of how they deviate from a unique norm, such as the average of all experienced faces. Similar proposals have been raised in other contexts, for example to encode the aspect ratio of shapes. Norm-based encoding can be implemented by a population in which neurons respond increasingly as a stimulus moves further in the neuron's preferred direction, away from a normative value in stimulus space. Alternatively, exemplar-based accounts propose that faces are encoded in terms of their similarity to a number of previously-experienced exemplars. Exemplar-based encoding can be implemented by a population of non-monotonically tuned neurons that prefer particular points in stimulus space, rather than directions.Norm-based and exemplar-based accounts make distinct predictions for the pattern of aftereffects one should experience following adaptation. Norm-based encoding is associated with renormalisation, in which the adapting stimulus appears more 'neutral' or 'average' after prolonged viewing, and the appearances of other stimuli are altered in the same fashion (e.g. after adapting to a male face, all faces should look more feminine).Exemplar-based encoding is associated with 'local repulsion,' in which the adapting stimulus appears unchanged, but differences between it and subsequent stimuli are exaggerated (e.g. after adapting to a male face, a very masculine face should look even more masculine, while an androgynous or female face should look more feminine).Over the past fifteen years, norm-based theories of shape and face encoding have gained traction, ostensibly supported by evidence from aftereffects. In Chapter 1, I review this evidence, and relate it to an older debate concerning the role of norms in orientation perception. I conclude that the evidence for renormalisation in form perception is under-2 3 whelming. In Chapter 2 I empirically address the most recent evidence for orientation renormalisation. I show that these data likely arise from an ...

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Section: A Measurement Problem: Aftereffects Near a Putative Norm Arementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: The Present Thesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Storrs¹

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Postural and visual aftereffects to a slanted floor in lying and sitting positions

Higashiyama

Yamazaki

2022

Vision Research

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Neural Model of Coding Stimulus Orientation and Adaptation

et al. 2020

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The coding of line orientation in the visual system has been investigated extensively. During the prolonged viewing of a stimulus, the perceived orientation continuously changes (normalization effect). Also, the orientation of the adapting stimulus and the background stimuli influence the perceived orientation of the subsequently displayed stimulus: tilt after-effect (TAE) or tilt illusion (TI). The neural mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. The proposed model includes many local analyzers, each consisting of two sets of neurons. The first set has two independent cardinal detectors (CDs), whose responses depend on stimulus orientation. The second set has many orientation detectors (OD) tuned to different orientations of the stimulus. The ODs sum up the responses of the two CDs with respective weightings and output a preferred orientation depending on the ratio of CD responses. It is suggested that during prolonged viewing, the responses of the CDs decrease: the greater the excitation of the detector, the more rapid the decrease in its response. Thereby, the ratio of CD responses changes during the adaptation, causing the normalization effect and the TAE. The CDs of the different local analyzers laterally inhibit each other and cause the TI. We show that the properties of this model are consistent with both psychophysical and neurophysiological findings related to the properties of orientation perception, and we investigate how these mechanisms can affect the orientation's sensitivity.

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Influences of prolonged viewing of tilted lines on perceived line orientation: the normalization and tilt after-effect

Cited by 5 publications

References 58 publications

Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Postural and visual aftereffects to a slanted floor in lying and sitting positions

Neural Model of Coding Stimulus Orientation and Adaptation

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