Influences of musk administration on the doping test

He, Yingran; Wang, Jingzhu; Liu, Xin; Xu, Youxuan; He, Zhenwen

doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.010

Cited by 11 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The solution of β‐glucuronidase was prepared by dissolving β‐glucuronidase (250,000 U, Sigma–Aldrich) in 10 mL of phosphate buffer (0.2 mol/L, pH 6.9) and stored at −20°C. Other solutions were prepared as previously reported . Stock solutions of reference compounds were prepared by dissolving the references in methanol.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 93%

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Steroid profile and IRMS analysis of musk administration for doping control

Wang

Liu

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Musk, the dried secretion of the musk pod (sac) of adult male musk deer, has been used as traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China and south-east Asian countries for thousands of years. Due to the anabolic steroid component in this TCM, musk preparations have been included in the list of medical products containing prohibited substances employed for doping by the State Food and Drug Administration of China. The application of musk pod formulation was claimed to be responsible for some adverse analytical findings (AAFs) in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Our preliminary study has suggested that musk ingestion did not lead to AAFs of doping control with the single dosage of 100 mg. However, the influences of musk administration in large and multi dosage are still unclear. The aim of this study is to further investigate the influences of musk administration for doping control. Wild and domestic deer musk samples were collected. The concentrations and δ 13 C-values of steroids in musk were analyzed. In an excretion study, 200 and 100 mg of wild and domestic deer musk samples were administrated by 29 subjects, respectively. Fluctuations in steroid profile could be observed, and the ratio of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol to 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol was more sensitive than other parameters. In the IRMS test, the Δδ 13 C-value between endogenous reference compound and etiocholanolone was a sensitive parameter, and AAFs were obtained. It is the first time to confirm with excretion study that musk administration could lead to positive result of doping control.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Based on the analysis of their urine samples and musk specimens, musk administration was regarded as the reason of the violation . However, our study suggests that the ingestion of either wild or domestic deer musk did not lead to the AAFs in the single dosage of 100 mg …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Steroid profile and IRMS analysis of musk administration for doping control

Wang

Liu

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…The IRMS analysis was performed as previously reported . The carbon isotope ratio measurements were performed using a Thermo Scientific TRACE GC Ultra (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) coupled with a Delta‐V Advantage isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) via a combustion interface (GC Combustion III, Thermo Scientific).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In present study, C25 ( n ‐pentacosane; Biogeochemical Laboratories, Indiana University, IN, USA) and USADA34‐1 (US Anti‐Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, CO, USA) were used for the calibration. The validation of the IRMS method has been carried out . No isotope fractionation was happened during the process, which was confirmed by comparing the δ values of reference standards spiked in methanol and suffered the analytical process with those of intact reference standards.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk using isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Wang

et al. 2018

J Mass Spectrom

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Musk is the dried secretion of the musk pod (sac) of adult male musk deer, and has been used as perfume and traditional medicine for thousands of years. Steroid was regarded as 1 of the most important active compounds in musk. In order to protect the wild musk deer, musk deer farming has been carried out in China, India, and Nepal. However, it is hard to differentiate the 2 origins of musk by morphological identification. No other method has been reported so far for the discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk. The establishment of a reliable discrimination method has become an urgent work. In the present study, 6 batches of wild deer musk and 14 batches of domestic deer musk were collected. Analysis of steroid components in musk was carried out with GC-MS/MS. Androgen, progestin, estrogen, and sterol were detected in those samples. Large diversity was observed in the concentrations of steroids in musk. No obvious difference could be observed in steroid concentrations between wild and domestic deer musk by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Furthermore, the δ C values of steroids were determined by gas chromatography/combustion coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. There were significant differences (P < .01) in steroid δ C values between wild origin musk and domesticated origin musk. Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry can be used to discriminate wild and domestic deer musk.

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“…testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, epiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA), validating that the identified steroidal compounds were not exogenous but inherent in deer musk. (23,24) Deer antler (Cornu cervi pantotrichum, Lu Rong 鹿茸)…”

Section: Herbs With Androgenic Activity Deer Musk (Moschus She Xiangmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroids in traditional Chinese medicine: what is the evidence?

Fung

Linn

2017

smedj

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Local healthcare providers often question the possible steroidal activity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs or herbal products and implicate them as a cause for adrenal insufficiency or Cushing's syndrome in patients with a history of TCM intake. We conducted a comprehensive database search for evidence of potential glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic or oestrogenic activity of herbs or herbal products. Overall, there are not many herbs whose steroidal activity is well established; among these, most cases were based on preclinical studies. Liquorice root may cause pseudoaldosteronism through interference with the steroidogenesis pathway. Although ginseng and cordyceps have some in vitro glucocorticoid activities, the corroborating clinical data is lacking. Deer musk and deer antler contain androgenic steroids, while epimedium has oestrogenic activity. On the other hand, adulteration of herbal products with exogenous glucocorticoids is a recurrent problem encountered locally in illegal products masquerading as TCM. Healthcare providers should stay vigilant and report any suspicion to the relevant authorities for further investigations.

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Influences of musk administration on the doping test

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Steroid profile and IRMS analysis of musk administration for doping control

Steroid profile and IRMS analysis of musk administration for doping control

Discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk using isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Steroids in traditional Chinese medicine: what is the evidence?

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