Influences of limited flexibility of the lower extremities and occurrence of low back pain in adolescent baseball players: A prospective cohort study

Kato, Kinshi; Otoshi, Kenichi; Tominaga, Ryoji; Kaga, Takahiro; Igari, Takahiro; Sato, Ryohei; Konno, Satoshi

doi:10.1016/j.jos.2021.01.008

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Regarding flexibility, our findings appear to confirm previous research on the topic. For instance, Kato et al [ 66 ] found out that hamstring tightness, which plays a role in reducing trunk flexibility, is associated with higher back pain in high school athletes (mean age = 15.7 ± 0.4). This is confirmed by a study carried out by Tak et al [ 67 ], which reports lower lumbar flexibility scores in a group of judokas with back pain compared to their peers not suffering from this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between Physical Fitness Components and the Occurrence and Subjective Intensity of Back Pain in Secondary School Adolescents

Cocca

Greier

Drenowatz

et al. 2022

Behavioral Sciences

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Despite the well documented benefits of physical fitness (PF) on general health, its role in back pain (BP) is still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the association between different PF profiles and BP in a sample of adolescents. The study assessed PF and BP in a sample of 919 youth (age = 15.5 ± 1.3 years) from North and South Tyrol. A total of 531 participants (57.8%) reported no BP, whereas 4.7% (n = 43) reported severe BP. A two-step cluster analysis detected three main groups: the “less fit”, with significantly lower scores in all PF tests (p < 0.001); the “strong sprinters”, with higher speed and muscular strength than the others (p < 0.001); and the “flexible marathoners”, with higher flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001). The “flexible marathoners” showed significantly better BP scores than the “less fit” (p = 0.029). Cardiorespiratory fitness and trunk flexibility are potential preventive components of BP in adolescents. Since the decline in flexibility starts very early in life, it is recommended to put a particular emphasis on this component of PF. The role of other components of PF should be further investigated in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between Physical Fitness Components and the Occurrence and Subjective Intensity of Back Pain in Secondary School Adolescents

Cocca

Greier

Drenowatz

et al. 2022

Behavioral Sciences

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“…[31][32][33] Hamstring tightness has been correlated to low back pain in certain sports disciplines, however, research regarding addressing hamstring tightness in treating low back pain and the integration of this into physical therapy protocols is required. 38 The results of conservative treatment are generally excellent. Estimated rates of return to sport are above 90% within six months with the majority of patients reporting resolution of pain symptoms.…”

Section: Conservative Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back pain in adolescent athletes: a narrative review

et al. 2022

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Background Back pain in young athletes is common. Adolescents are at an increased risk for back pain related to several factors including rapid growth. Traditionally, the conversation around back pain in the adolescent age group has been centered around diagnosis and treatment; however, there are emerging studies regarding prevention. Objective The purpose of the present investigation is to summarize sport-specific risk factors, to describe the growing emphasis on prevention/screening, and report results on minimally invasive and surgical options. Methods The literature search was performed in Mendeley. Search fields were varied until redundant. All articles were screened by title and abstract and a preliminary decision to include an article was made. The full-text screening was performed on the selected articles. Any question regarding the inclusion of an article was discussed by at least 3 authors until an agreement was reached. Results Adolescent athletes have a higher risk of developing spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis than their non-athletic counterparts. Participation in athletic activity alone, increased body mass index, varsity status, and nationally/internationally competitive status are identified are demographic risk factors. Weightlifters, gymnasts, football players, and combat athletes may be at higher risks. Increased lumbar lordosis, abdominal muscle weakness, hip flexor tightness, hamstring tightness, thoracolumbar fascia tightness, femoral anteversion, genu recurvatum, and thoracic kyphosis also predispose. Recent cadaveric and kinematic studies have furthered our understanding of pathoanatomic. There is some evidence to suggest that isokinetic testing and electromyographic data may be able to identify at-risk individuals. Perturbation-based exercise interventions can reduce the incidence of adolescent athletic back pain. There is a large body of evidence to support the efficacy of physical therapy. There is some data to support minimally invasive treatments including external bone growth simulators, steroid injections, and chemonucleolysis for specific pathologies. Endoscopic surgery results for a limited subset of patients with certain disease processes are good. Conclusions Back pain in adolescent athletes is common and may not lead to appropriate alterations in athletes’ level of participation. Athletes with a higher body mass index should be counseled regarding the benefits of losing weight. Isokinetic testing and electromyographic data have the potential as diagnostic and screening tools. Strength deficits and postural control could be used to identify patients requiring early intervention and thus reduce the incidence. External bone growth simulators, steroid injections, and chemonucleolysis could potentially become conservative options in the future. When surgery is indicated, the endoscopic intervention has the potential to decrease operative time, decrease cost, and promote healing.

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“…Hip strength, range of motion, and lower extremity flexibility is hypothesized to influence throwing mechanics and injury risk for the adolescent thrower (36)(37)(38). Bullok et al (38) contributed to established hip range of motion testing as a reliable testing strategy to be performed on field or in the clinic with excellent inter and intra-rater reliability with no rater bias.…”

Section: Hipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have looked at factors related to injury in the youth baseball population over the past year ranging in topics from; early sport specialization (ESS) (12)(13)(14)(15)(16), pitch counts (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), prethrowing protocols (24,25), imaging findings (26), to body region-specific inquiries (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) in search for opportunities to reduce the risk of injury in this population. We will review a wide range of articles and their relevance to injury risk in this population.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those individuals who were categorized as positive for SIJ dysfunction experienced significantly more prior episodes of low back pain than the group without SIJ dysfunction, and the prevalence of low back pain interfering with play was significantly higher in the SIJ dysfunction group (29). This study criteria defined SIJ dysfunction as fulfilling the following two conditions: 1) tenderness of the posterior superior iliac spine (a); and 2) low back and/or buttock pain during the Gaenslen test (b) or Patrick test (c) on the same side as the tenderness (36). These authors additionally reported significant association between a limitation in hip internal rotation on the throwing arm side and SIJ dysfunction (29).…”

Section: Sacroiliac Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proposed Musculoskeletal Examination of Youth and Adolescent Baseball Players

Kindstrand¹,

McNeill²,

Dickenson³

et al. 2022

Curr Sports Med Rep

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With a wide range of injuries in youth baseball, and more than 12 million amateur baseball players in the United States, a comprehensive list of tests and measures may be helpful to assess strength, mobility, and motor control throughout the kinetic chain to reduce risk of injury in this population. Many studies have looked at youth baseball players using a single test or a small number of tests to determine the prevalence of specific injuries in youth baseball, but to this author's knowledge, there is no comprehensive musculoskeletal screen published at this time specific to youth baseball. The purpose of this article is to review literature published over the last year relative to injury in youth and adolescent baseball players in an effort to update the reader on current concepts, risk factors in this population, and to provide an updated systematic screening process that may be used in reducing injury rates.

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Influences of limited flexibility of the lower extremities and occurrence of low back pain in adolescent baseball players: A prospective cohort study

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Relation between Physical Fitness Components and the Occurrence and Subjective Intensity of Back Pain in Secondary School Adolescents

Relation between Physical Fitness Components and the Occurrence and Subjective Intensity of Back Pain in Secondary School Adolescents

Back pain in adolescent athletes: a narrative review

Proposed Musculoskeletal Examination of Youth and Adolescent Baseball Players

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