Influences of domain knowledge on segmentation and memory

Newberry, Kimberly M.; Feller, Daniel; Bailey, Heather R.

doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01118-1

Cited by 22 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…It is also possible that knowledge can affect memory in other ways than by influencing eye movements. Some work has shown that knowledge can influence memory independently from how information is encoded (Newberry et al, 2021 ; Sargent et al, 2013 ). This possibility is surprising given all the work that assumes that knowledge affects memory by improving encoding (Anderson & Pichert, 1978 ; Reingold et al, 2001a , 2001b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge guides attention to goal-relevant information in older adults

2021

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How does viewers’ knowledge guide their attention while they watch everyday events, how does it affect their memory, and does it change with age? Older adults have diminished episodic memory for everyday events, but intact semantic knowledge. Indeed, research suggests that older adults may rely on their semantic memory to offset impairments in episodic memory, and when relevant knowledge is lacking, older adults’ memory can suffer. Yet, the mechanism by which prior knowledge guides attentional selection when watching dynamic activity is unclear. To address this, we studied the influence of knowledge on attention and memory for everyday events in young and older adults by tracking their eyes while they watched videos. The videos depicted activities that older adults perform more frequently than young adults (balancing a checkbook, planting flowers) or activities that young adults perform more frequently than older adults (installing a printer, setting up a video game). Participants completed free recall, recognition, and order memory tests after each video. We found age-related memory deficits when older adults had little knowledge of the activities, but memory did not differ between age groups when older adults had relevant knowledge and experience with the activities. Critically, results showed that knowledge influenced where viewers fixated when watching the videos. Older adults fixated less goal-relevant information compared to young adults when watching young adult activities, but they fixated goal-relevant information similarly to young adults, when watching more older adult activities. Finally, results showed that fixating goal-relevant information predicted free recall of the everyday activities for both age groups. Thus, older adults may use relevant knowledge to more effectively infer the goals of actors, which guides their attention to goal-relevant actions, thus improving their episodic memory for everyday activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge guides attention to goal-relevant information in older adults

2021

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“…A third aspect is inter-individual agreement about where to place boundaries in an action sequence. In videos of figure skating routines and basketball games, experts agreed on more boundaries than novices, which could indicate the use of expert knowledge ( Levine et al, 2017 ; Newberry et al, 2021 ). However, in figure skating, experts and novices tended to place most boundaries at the goals of the actions or at the beginnings ( Levine et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beside the impact of sensorimotor impairment, also motor skill increase is reflected in action segmentation, as addressed by a few studies. Most of them involved closed-loop, mostly internally guided actions, i.e., dancing and figure skating ( Bläsing, 2014 ; Levine et al, 2017 ; Di Nota et al, 2020 ) and recently basketball ( Newberry and Bailey, 2019 ; Newberry et al, 2021 ). Different aspects were highlighted in these studies and some criteria were identified to possibly determine segmentation judgments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that amateurs marked more boundaries before they had experienced performing a dance sequence and integrated single segments into longer units after gaining motor familiarity. This effect of expertise was shown to interact with factors such as time on task ( Di Nota et al, 2020 ) and could be changed by the explicit instruction to do fine grained segmentation ( Newberry et al, 2021 ). A second aspect is transfer of segmentation patterns to unfamiliar actions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shared Representations in Athletes: Segmenting Action Sequences From Taekwondo Reveals Implicit Agreement

et al. 2021

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How do athletes represent actions from their sport? How are these representations structured and which knowledge is shared among experts in the same discipline? To address these questions, the event segmentation task was used. Experts in Taekwondo and novices indicated how they would subjectively split videos of Taekwondo form sequences into meaningful units. In previous research, this procedure was shown to unveil the structure of internal action representations and to be affected by sensorimotor knowledge. Without specific instructions on the grain size of segmentation, experts tended to integrate over longer episodes which resulted in a lower number of single units. Moreover, in accordance with studies in figure-skating and basketball, we expected higher agreement among experts on where to place segmentation marks, i.e., boundaries. In line with this hypothesis, significantly more overlap of boundaries was found within the expert group as compared to the control group. This was observed even though the interindividual differences in the selected grain size were huge and expertise had no systematic influence here. The absence of obvious goals or objects to structure Taekwondo forms underlines the importance of shared expert knowledge. Further, experts might have benefited from sensorimotor skills which allowed to simulate the observed actions more precisely. Both aspects may explain stronger agreement among experts even in unfamiliar Taekwondo forms. These interpretations are descriptively supported by the participants’ statements about features which guided segmentation and by an overlap of the group’s agreed boundaries with those of an experienced referee. The study shows that action segmentation can be used to provide insights into structure and content of action representations specific to experts. The mechanisms underlying shared knowledge among Taekwondoists and among experts in general are discussed on the background of current theoretic frameworks.

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“…It could also be greater for online data collection, a practice that is increasing, which offers little control over either the context in which data collection occurs or the hardware that is being used. Additionally, there may be individual and group differences that could influence how events themselves are processed and segmented, though these factors have as yet received little attention in the literature (for exceptions, see Bläsing, 2015;Kurby & Zacks, 2011;Levine et al, 2017;Newberry et al, 2021;Sargent et al, 2013;Swallow & Wang, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Events: An Investigation into the Stability of Event Segmentation Patterns Across Groups

Sasmita¹,

Swallow²

2021

Preprint

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People spontaneously divide everyday experience into smaller units (event segmentation). To measure event segmentation, studies typically ask participants to explicitly mark the boundary between events as they watch a movie (segmentation task). Their data may then be used to infer how others are likely to segment the same movie. However, significant variability in performance across individuals could undermine the ability to generalize across groups, especially as more research moves online. To address this concern, we used several widely employed and novel measures to quantify segmentation agreement across different sized groups (n=2-32) using data collected on different platforms and movie types (in-lab & commercial film vs. online & everyday activities). All agreement measures captured non-random and video-specific boundary identification with sample sizes as small as 2, though with notable between sample variability. As sample size increased, agreement values improved and eventually stabilized. Stabilization occurred at smaller sample sizes when measures reflected (1) agreement between two groups versus agreement between an individual and group, (2) boundary identification between small (fine-grained) rather than large (coarse-grained) events, and (3) segmentation of everyday activities online versus commercial film in-lab. These analyses inform the tailoring of sample sizes based on the comparison of interest, materials, and data collection platform. In addition to demonstrating the reliability of online as well as in-lab segmentation performance at moderate sample sizes, this study supports the use of these data as a means of inferring when everyday activities and commercial films are likely to be segmented.

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Influences of domain knowledge on segmentation and memory

Cited by 22 publications

References 66 publications

Knowledge guides attention to goal-relevant information in older adults

Knowledge guides attention to goal-relevant information in older adults

Shared Representations in Athletes: Segmenting Action Sequences From Taekwondo Reveals Implicit Agreement

Measuring Events: An Investigation into the Stability of Event Segmentation Patterns Across Groups

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