Influences of confining pressure and injection rate on breakdown pressure and permeability in granite hydraulic fracturing

Abstract

Hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resource is a renewable green energy source with great exploitation potential. The burial depth of HDR generally exceeds 2500 m and is typically under high in situ stress conditions, resulting in an ultralow permeability of the rock formations. To enhance the permeability of these formations, hydraulic fracturing is widely used as a reservoir stimulation technique in HDR geothermal resource exploitation. The differences in burial depth, in situ stress, and geological environment require different engineering designs when implementing hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, the confining pressure and injection rate play significant roles in determining the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing, as they affect the propagation and distribution of fractures in the rock formation. To quantify the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing, simulation experiments, and permeability tests were conducted using granite specimens under various confining pressure and injection rate conditions. The results of these experiments revealed the relationships among the confining pressure, injection rate, breakdown pressure, and permeability enhancement of the granite. The breakdown pressure of granite increased with the confining pressure, while the injection rate had little effect on the breakdown pressure.The hydraulic fractured sample produced new penetrating fractures, which increased the reservoir permeability, and owing to the higher complexity of hydraulic fractures under low confining pressure, the increase of permeability is correspondingly higher. The research results can provide an important