Influence on Transient Emissions at Various Injection Timings, Using Cetane Improvers, Bio-Diesel, and Low Aromatic Fuels

Starr, Michael E.

doi:10.4271/972904

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…A number of studies have found that ethanolblend and biodiesel-blend would substantially reduce some regulated emissions such as CO and PM emissions, but produce higher levels of NO x concentrations compared with fossil diesel (Starr, 1997;Ali et al, 1995;Durbin et al, 2000). Similar results were also found in this study.…”

Section: Effect Of Ethanol-biodiesel Blendsupporting

confidence: 81%

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds emission from a diesel-engine using biodiesel–ethanol–diesel as fuel

Pang

Shi

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

121

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Characteristics of carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) emissions from biodiesel-ethanol-diesel (BE-diesel) were investigated in a Commins-4B diesel engine and compared with those from fossil diesel. Acetaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyls in the exhaust, followed by formaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde and benzaldehyde. Apliphatic carbonyls emitted from BE-diesel were higher than those from diesel fuel, while formaldehyde and aromatic carbonyls were less than those from diesel fuel. Total carbonyls emissions from BE-diesel were 1-12% higher than those from diesel fuel depending on engine operating conditions. The effects of engine speed and load level were also investigated carefully. It was found that total carbonyls emission was in positive correlation with the engine speed. During the constant speed/ varying load tests, minimum total carbonyls emission was found at 50% load. Compared with fossil diesel, the BE-diesel was observed to significantly reduce PM emission and increase slightly NO x emission. r

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Section: Effect Of Ethanol-biodiesel Blendsupporting

confidence: 81%

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds emission from a diesel-engine using biodiesel–ethanol–diesel as fuel

Pang

Shi

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

121

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“…Although virtually all testing shows a reduction in CO and PM emissions with B20, many of the engine and vehicle testing studies (for example, in studies by Frank [16], Souligny [15], Starr [24], Graboski [25], and McCormick [19,22]) found that B20 fuels produce a reduction in NO x , at least under certain conditions. Thus, the average NO x effect masks a complex variability in changes in emissions due to the use of biodiesel.…”

Section: Overview Of B20 Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of biodiesel blends on North American heavy‐duty diesel engine emissions

Yanowitz

McCormick

2009

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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We conducted an assessment of North American heavy-duty engine emission test results for biodiesel from 49 experimental studies, including both engine dynamometer and vehicle test results. Comparison with a commercial database showed that the engines in the emissions database are not representative of the existing North American in-use fleet as of 2007; more than 50% of the tested engines were of 1995 or earlier vintage. Nevertheless, the results show that the use of a common biodiesel blend (B20) consistently reduces emissions of particulate matter, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide by 10-20%. Tests with B20 show varying effects on oxides of nitrogen (NO x ). If results for pre-1992 two-cycle 6V-92TA(E) engines (which represent 0.2% of the 2007 in-use fleet but 28% of the engines tested) are removed, then there is no statistical evidence that the average NO x emissions from B0 and B20 are different (p value of 0.50 for an estimated average increase of 1%). Several researchers have used changes in engine calibration to eliminate any NO x penalty associated with B20 (in engines that show an increase in NO x with B20), while still maintaining the advantages of B20 in reducing other pollutants. The emissions effect of B20 on heavyduty diesel truck emissions did not show any correlation with model year or type of fuel injection equipment.

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“…Engine Dynamometer Studies A number of studies have examined the emission impacts of biodiesel in 4-stroke, electronically controlled, turbocharged, direct injected diesel engines [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. These studies as well as others using 2-stroke, indirect injection (IDI), and naturally aspirated engines have been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [16] and statistical analysis indicated the average emission changes for B20 shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

McCormick¹,

Williams²,

Ireland³

et al. 2006

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online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Executive SummaryBiodiesel is a fuel-blending component produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease by reaction with methanol or ethanol to produce methyl or ethyl esters. Pure biodiesel contains approximately 10 weight percent oxygen. It is typically blended with petroleum diesel at levels up to 20% (B20). The presence of oxygen in the fuel leads to a reduction in emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and toxic compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) when biodiesel blends are burned in diesel engines. These reductions are robust and have been observed in numerous engine and vehicle testing studies. Engine dynamometer studies reviewed in a 2002 report from EPA show a 2% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions for B20. This perceived small increase in NO x is leading some state regulatory agencies to consider banning the use of biodiesel. Therefore, the issue of NO x emissions is potentially a significant barrier to expansion of biodiesel markets.The objective of this study was to determine if testing entire vehicles, vs. just the engines, on a heavyduty chassis dynamometer provides a better, more realistic measurement of the impact of B20 on regulated pollutant emissions. This report also documents completion of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory We reviewed more recently published engine testing studies (Table 3) and found an average change in NO x for all recent B20 studies of -0.6%±2.0% (95% confidence intervals are used throughout this report). Restricting the average to recent studies of B20 with soy biodiesel yields an average NO x impact of 0.1%±2.7%. The EPA review also includes summary of a smaller vehicle testing dataset that shows no significant impact of biodiesel on NO x . We reviewed several recently published vehicle (chassis) testing studies (Tables 4 and 5) and found an average change in NO x of 1.2%±2.9% for B20 from soy-derived biodiesel. In addition, we reviewed three portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) studies that do not find NO x to increase.Eight heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested, including three transit buses, two school buses, two Class 8 trucks, and one motor coach. Four met the 1998 heavy-duty emissions requirement of 4 g/bhp-h NO x and four met the 2004 limit of 2.5 g/bhp-h NO x +HC. Driving cycles that simulate both urban and freeway driving were employed. Each vehicle was tested on a petroleum-derived diesel fuel and on a 20 volume percent blend of that fuel with soy-derived biodiesel. On average B20 caused PM and CO emissions to be reduced by 16% to 17% and HC emissions to be reduced by 12% relative to petroleum diesel. Emissions of these three pollutants nearly always went down, the exception being a vehicle equipped with a diesel particle filter that showed very low emissions of PM, CO, and HC; and there was no significant change in emissions for blending of B20. The NO x impact of B20 va...

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Influence on Transient Emissions at Various Injection Timings, Using Cetane Improvers, Bio-Diesel, and Low Aromatic Fuels

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds emission from a diesel-engine using biodiesel–ethanol–diesel as fuel

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds emission from a diesel-engine using biodiesel–ethanol–diesel as fuel

Effect of biodiesel blends on North American heavy‐duty diesel engine emissions

Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions: Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan Milestone 10.4

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