Influence on storage condition and time on properties of carbonated beverages from utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: chemometric and health risk assessment

Abstract

The effect of storage condition (room temperature and sunlight exposure) of eight carbonated beverages sold in Nigeria were assessed over a period of 15 weeks of storage time. Properties such as antimony (Sb) leaching, pH, acidity, specific gravity (S.G.) and total soluble solid content (TSSC) were analyzed using appropriate instrument and methodology at three weeks interval respectively. The concentration of Sb determined ranged from 0.001-0.011 mg/L and 0.001-0.0015 mg/L for room temperature and sunlight exposure. pH was between 2.82-4.81 and 2.82-4.82. TSSC were 0-14 O brix and 0-14.96 O brix. Acidity were 0.025-0.19 and 0.025-0.34. Specific gravity was 0.9921-1.052 and 0.9921-1.0577. The result shows that pH decreased with time as Sb, TSSC, acidity and S.G. increased with time thereby influencing significance (p<0.05). Difference in Sb amounts shows that sunlight exposure had more impacts compared to room temperature as storage time increased. TSSC values increased steadily leading to hydrolysis of sugar and other chemical ingredients, thus affecting the specific gravity. Acidity impacted by increased reactivity from carbon dioxide present, which reduces pH of the drink. Chemometric assessment such as contamination factor and pollution load index indicate low concentration and no pollution associated. Factor analysis conducted showed that all parameters and storage time were positively interrelated except for pH due to side reaction. Cumulative variance showed high variance (>50). Health risk assessment conducted for adults and children showed that Tolerable Dose Index and Hazard Index were below one, thus indicates no adverse health impact as the values were relatively higher in children compared to adults. Prolong consumption of carbonated drinks stored longer than expected can cause fatigue and headaches on a short-term basis, and weight loss and diabetes on a long run especially in children. Regular parental monitoring is advised to mitigate health impact for children.

Effect of storage on the levels of sodium benzoate in soft drinks sold in some Nigerian market with exposure and health risk assessment

“…As seen in equation ( 5) and ( 6), food grade acidulants such as dilute citric acid and sodium citrate are added for preservatives and taste can be impacted by temperature change. So therefore, when high to extreme temperature influences the soft drink beverages, it can lead to decrease in sodium benzoate, as seen in Table 2-6 implying that further reaction to benzene is formed [12,48].…”

“…Expert has correlated that food and drinks causes adverse health effect over a lifetime leading to cancer related issues. Chemical precursors of benzene such as benzoates and benzoic acid triggers hyperactivity in children, as other related health effect includes malaise (vomiting, headaches, body weakness, esophagus irritation), pseudo-allergy, urticarial and DNA changes [23,[46][47][48]. World health organization (WHO) review shows that sodium benzoate symptoms are relatively mild and fade-off within few hours but can be adverse health effect over prolong consumption of soft drinks [23,[47][48][49][50].…”