Influence of water temperature on spawning induction and larval development of the sea squirtHalocynthia ritteri(Oka, 1906)

Abstract

In order to establish a large-scale hatchery technique for the sea squirt Halocynthia ritteri, the in£uences of water temperature on spawning induction, larval development and survival of H. ritteri were studied under laboratory conditions. The larvae of H. ritteri exhibited high sensitivity to changes in temperature. As temperature increased from10 to 21 1C, the duration of larval stage was inversely related to temperature and the time to reach attached larvae stage decreased from 42.0 to 59.4 h. The biological minimum temperature for the early development of H. ritteri was estimated to be 0.22 1C. In relation to temperature, quadratic equations showed signi¢cant ¢ts to the data of spawning rate, fecundity, fertilization, larval survival and attachment. Optimal temperatures for spawning rate, fecundity, fertilization rate, larval survival rate and attachment rate were estimated to be 14.9, 14.7, 13.2, 14.1 and 14.7 1C respectively. It is concluded that the range of 13^15 1C is optimal for spawning and larval rearing of sea squirts. Aquaculture Research, 2009, 40, 513^518 In£uence of water temperature on sea squirt K H Kang et al.

A critical review of the use and performance of different function types for modeling temperature-dependent development of arthropod larvae

“…An expanded search using additional search tools in a future study could obtained data for other taxonomic groups within the Arthropoda (e.g, myriapods, more non-Acari arachnids (spiders), other orders of Crustacea and Insecta, etc. ), or even outside of this phylum (e.g., molluscs: de Severyn et al, 2000; nematodes: Jenkins et al, 2006; Singh and Sharma, 1994; urochorates: Kang et al, 2009; vertebrates: McLaren and Cooley, 1972; Miller et al 2006), which may reveal additional patterns in study design, taxonomy, and function usage of interest. However, overall patterns and conclusions of the present study would likely hold true.…”

“…); indeed, an Insect Developmental Database has been created by Nietschke et al (2007) that could be used to obtain considerably more insect data for reanalyses. Performance of development functions on data from species outside of the arthropod phylum (e.g., molluscs: de Severyn et al, 2000; nematodes: Jenkins et al, 2006; Singh and Sharma, 1994; urochorates: Kang et al, 2009; vertebrates: McLaren and Cooley, 1972; Miller et al 2006) may also be attempted, and reveal additional patterns in study design, taxonomy, and function usage of interest. However, overall patterns and conclusions of the present study would likely hold true.…”

“…Through its effects on the physical and chemical properties of biologically active molecules, such as enzymes, temperature affects the rate at which numerous life processes occur, including metabolism, oxygen consumption, photosynthesis, movement, survival, growth, and embryonic development (Bĕlehrádek, 1935; Brière et al 1999; Corkett, 1972; Coutant and Talmage 1976; Du et al, 2007; Geffen and Nash, 2012; Herzig, 1983; McLaren et al, 1969). Temperature also significantly affects larval development rate of poikilothermic animals, including some vertebrate larvae (Lind and Johansson, 2007; Kang et al, 2009; Miller et al, 2006) and those of invertebrates (e.g., de Severyn et al, 2000; Jenkins et al 2006; Singh and Sharma, 1994). Temperature has particularly strong impacts on moulting and development of arthropods (Anger, 1984; Corkett and McLaren, 1970; Easterbrook et al, 2003; Hamasaki et al, 2009; Koda and Nakamura, 2010; MacKenzie, 1988; Marchioro and Forester, 2011; McLaren, 1963).…”