Influence of Water on Enzymatic Esterification of Racemic Ketoprofen with Ethanol in a Solvent-Free System

The occurrence, enzymatic production, and application of ethyl butanoate, an important flavor constituent

“…Enzymes of various origins act differently in different media. 91,92 The nature of reaction medium or solvent affects the enzymatic reaction by causing activation, inactivation, and inhibition as solvent always interacts directly with the enzymes, substrates, or products. 8,93 Enzymatic reaction system can be divided into several types.…”

“…Lipase as a water-soluble enzyme retains three-dimensional catalytically active conformation and contributes to structural integrity, active site polarity, protein stability, and flexibility in the water-based system. 91,96 The water-based reaction media are safer than organic solvents for human health and environment. 91 This kind of reaction can be applied in food processing.…”

“…91,96 The water-based reaction media are safer than organic solvents for human health and environment. 91 This kind of reaction can be applied in food processing. Water-based reaction system has some drawbacks such as insolubility of organic substrates, backward movement of reaction equilibrium, enantiomer binding to the active site, other side reactions hamper the reaction of interest, prone to microbial contaminations, and difficulties of product purification.…”

“…Water-based reaction system has some drawbacks such as insolubility of organic substrates, backward movement of reaction equilibrium, enantiomer binding to the active site, other side reactions hamper the reaction of interest, prone to microbial contaminations, and difficulties of product purification. 91,97,98 Different water-based solutions have been used in the water-based system. Potassium phosphate buffer has been used in all the three found studies on the production of ethyl butyrate in water-based system.…”

“…It also offers an easy product purification because of the lower boiling point of the solvent and enhances the possibility of a wide variety of enzymatic reactions that are not possible in water-based system. 91,98 The foremost drawback of using an organic solvent is the insolubility of the enzymes and aggregation to cluster formation, eventually losing the activity. 23,53,98,101 Selecting organic solvent-tolerant enzyme, immobilization, and surfactant coating are TA B L E 2 Different types of enzyme immobilization support, their origin, the enzyme used, and the immobilization method used in ethyl butanoate production commonly applied to overcome these drawbacks.…”