Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater

Epidemiological surveillance of enteric viruses in sewage samples in East Macedonia and Thrace region in Greece

“…Therefore, it is necessary to use the most efficient wastewater treatment measures in sewage treatment plants [21][22][23][24][25] .…”

Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses

“…Tertiary treatment in CAS reactors added a 0.5log 10 removal of EVs to the total reduction from secondary treatment (Ottoson et al, 2006b). The reduction in culturable EVs was slight compared to a 2log 10 reduction by molecular assay for moving bed biofilm reactors and CAS plants serving large populations and CAS plants serving small populations (Hewitt et al, 2011). As discussed above, factors including isoelectric points, hydrophobicity, temperature, pH and hydraulic retention times account for wide variations in virus removal.…”

“…A report by Hewitt et al (Hewitt et al, 2011) comparing ten different WWTP configurations (moving bed biofilm, trickle filter activated sludge with stabilization pond, activated sludge, waste stabilization pond, and waste stabilization pond with wetland), serving different sized catchment areas (population range: <1100 to >1,000,000) with mixed source of wastewater (domestic, domestic plus industrial and/or industrial waste) is illustrative of the difficulty in making simple comparisons. Despite these large differences, they have provided some methods that enabled comparisons independent of the differences.…”

“…96% of the intake samples and 86% of the effluents samples were enterovirus RNA-positive and many of the enterovirus nucleic acid-positive effluents were shown to contain low levels of culturable EVs. Hewitt et al (2011) reported slight reductions of culturable EVs in WWTPs of different size compared with a 2 log 10 reduction of viral nucleic acids by molecular assay for moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) plants serving large populations and conventional plants that served small populations. Flannery et al (Flannery et al, 2012) reported a 2.1 log 10 reduction in Fspecific RNA bacteriophage in a conventional coupled primary (screening and grit removal) and secondary (activated sludge including primary settlement, aeration, and final settlement) WWTP.…”

Virus capture using anionic polymer-coated magnetic beads (Review)

“…A safe water supply is indispensable for a modern functioning society and one of the most important factors in terms of public health. Because of the inevitable discharge of wastewater into rivers, the supply of drinking water involves disinfection at treatment plants (19). The occurrence of microorganisms in rivers and filtration plants should be closely monitored because they are sometimes associated with a risk to human health.…”