Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance

Carswell, Alexander T.; Oliver, Samuel J.; Wentz, Laurel M.; Kashi, Daniel; Roberts, Ross; Tang, Jonathan; Izard, Rachel; Jackson, Sarah; Allan, Donald; Rhodes, Lesley E.; Fraser, William D.; Greeves, Julie P.; Walsh, Neil P.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001721

Cited by 55 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is widely known that supplementation with high doses of 5000-10,000 IU/day of vitamin D 3 is effective in treating athletes with 25(OH)D deficiency [9,14,42]. Soccer is characterized by the continuous combination of short sprints, rapid accelerations/decelerations and changes of direction interspersed with jumping, kicking, tackling and informal times for recovery [44,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of natural sun exposure and six weeks of a high dose of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D, testosterone and cortisol serum concentrations as well as speed, power and VO2max in professional soccer players. Materials: The study was conducted from January to September. At the beginning of the study, 33 professional soccer players were enrolled; however, only 28 subjects (height 181.5 cm; body mass 77.81 ± 8.8 kg; body fat 12.38% ± 2.4% and muscle mass 40.27 ± 5.3 kg) completed the study. The research consisted of three stages. The first one, lasting 10 days, was conducted in January during a training camp in the south part of Cyprus at a latitude of 34 33°, where participants experienced natural sun exposure; it was called a winter sun exposure (WSE) period. The second stage, which was a supplementation period (SP), lasted 6 weeks, during which all subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group—EG (n = 15)—or a placebo group—PG (n = 13)—and were administered 6000 IU/d cholecalciferol or a placebo, respectively. The third stage took place in September, after summertime (summer sun exposure—SSE). The data of the 25(OH)D, free and total testosterone (fT, tT), cortisol as well as 5 and 30 m sprint tests (STs), power of the left leg (PLL) and VO2max were evaluated before and after the WSE period, the SP and SSE. Results: In January, the baseline value of vitamin D in 12 subjects was ≤20 ng/mL, and 14 of them had levels between 20–30 ng/mL and 2 individuals >30 ng/mL. After the WSE period, significant changes in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and cortisol concentration, as well as in the 5 m ST, were observed. After the SP, in the EG, significant changes were found in 25(OH)D, fT, tT and the 5 m ST. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the concentration of 25(OH) fT and tT was observed. After SSE, 2 out of 28 players had <20 ng/mL 25(OH)D, 12 of them had 25(OH)D between 20 and 30 ng/mL and 14 of them had 25(OH)D between 30 and 50 ng/mL. Significant differences in 25(OH)D, fT, tT concentration and the 5 m ST performance were observed following SSE compared with the WSE period. Conclusion: Due to the serum level of 25(OH)D demonstrated by most participants at the beginning of the study and after summertime, all-year-round supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to be a reasonable solution to enhance high 25(OH)D concentration in blood and physical performance. In the middle of the winter, almost half of the soccer players were serum deficient of 25(OH)D. After ten days of sun exposure and 6 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, the concentration of 25(OH)D significantly increased, as did testosterone and results in the 5 m sprint test also improved. Therefore, athletes should be constantly monitored for serum levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year and should be supplemented if deficiencies or insufficient amounts of this vitamin occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary source of vitamin D, over 90%, is skin synthesis during exposure to solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation [6]. Vitamin D can be also delivered via proper nutrition and supplementation [6,9]. In countries located at a latitude >35 • N, for several months a year, vitamin D can be supplied only with food and supplements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

et al. 2020

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“…Recent evidence showed that vitamin D can affect physical performance through remodeling and improvement of muscle function, muscle regeneration, maintaining bone health, and a reduction of risk of infections [28][29][30][31]. Some studies have also demonstrated that vitamin D affects athletic performance [32][33][34][35][36]. Therefore, the interest in vitamin D supplementation is increasing in response to these observations and many athletes are now engaged in vitamin D supplementation, using the varied timing and dosage of supplementation [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Hepcidin, Iron, and IL-6 Responses after a 100 km Ultra-Marathon

Kasprowicz

Ratkowski

Wołyniec

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Deficiencies in iron and vitamin D are frequently observed in athletes. Therefore, we examined whether different baseline vitamin D3 levels have any impact on post-exercise serum hepcidin, IL-6 and iron responses in ultra-marathon runners. In this randomized control trial, the subjects (20 male, amateur runners, mean age 40.75 ± 7.15 years) were divided into two groups: experimental (VD) and control (CON). The VD group received vitamin D3 (10,000 UI/day) and the CON group received a placebo for two weeks before the run. Venous blood samples were collected on three occasions—before the run, after the 100 km ultra-marathon and 12 h after the run—to measure iron metabolism indicators, hepcidin, and IL-6 concentration. After two weeks of supplementation, the intervention group demonstrated a higher level of serum 25(OH)D than the CON group (27.82 ± 5.8 ng/mL vs. 20.41 ± 4.67 ng/mL; p < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups before and after the run in the circulating hepcidin and IL-6 levels. The decrease in iron concentration immediately after the 100-km ultra-marathon was smaller in the VD group than CON (p < 0.05). These data show that various vitamin D3 status can affect the post-exercise metabolism of serum iron.

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“…Observational studies 3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] indicated that muscle function; exercise recovery and adaptation; and occurrence of stress fracture, soft tissue injury, and illness are higher in athletes with LVD. However, investigations to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on these measures have been limited in number and complicated by contradictory results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, investigations to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on these measures have been limited in number and complicated by contradictory results. 6,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Presently, minimal consensus exists regarding the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of LVD for the general population 24 or athletes. 25 One example is the very definition of LVD.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Practice Patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Athletics Programs

Rockwell

Hulver

Eugene³

2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Vitamin D status has been associated with performance, health, and well-being in athletic populations. The measurement of vitamin D status via 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] testing has increased in the general population, as has vitamin D supplement use. It is unclear if similar patterns exist in collegiate athletics programs. Objective To describe the clinical care related to the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency used by sports medicine providers with National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I programs. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Population-based online survey. Patients or Other Participants All NCAA Division I head athletic trainers. Main Outcome Measure(s) Information related to 25(OH)D testing, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D–related protocols and procedures, and characteristics of athletic programs and participants. Results We received 249 responses (72% response rate). Use of 25(OH)D testing was described by 68% of participants, with the most common indicators being health status/history (78%) and injury status/history (74%). One-fifth of participants stated that vitamin D testing was conducted as screening (without a specific cause or indication). Target blood vitamin D concentrations were highly variable. A range of 8 to 1660 annual vitamin D blood tests was reported at a cost of <$50 (8%), $51 to $100 (51%), $101 to $150 (20%), and >$150 (10%). Forty-two percent of programs covered the cost of vitamin D supplements. More than half of the participants indicated that vitamin D blood testing and supplements were not a good use of program funds. In comparison with Football Championship Subdivision programs, Football Bowl Subdivision programs were more likely to conduct vitamin D testing and pay for vitamin D supplements, and their providers were more likely to believe that testing and supplements were a good use of program funds. Conclusions A great deal of variability was present in vitamin D–related clinical practices among NCAA Division I athletics programs, which reflects existing contradictions and uncertainty in research, recommendations, and guidelines. Knowledge of current practice patterns is important in evaluating and establishing best practices, policies, and procedures for sports medicine and sports nutrition professionals in the collegiate setting.

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Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance

Abstract: Vitamin D status was associated with endurance performance but not strength or power in a prospective cohort study. Achieving vitamin D sufficiency via safe, simulated summer sunlight, or oral vitamin D3 supplementation did not improve exercise performance in a randomized-controlled trial.

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players

The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Hepcidin, Iron, and IL-6 Responses after a 100 km Ultra-Marathon

Vitamin D Practice Patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Athletics Programs

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