Influence of vestibulovaginal stenosis, pelvic bladder, and recessed vulva on response to treatment for clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in dogs: 38 cases (1990-1999)

Crawford, Jason; Adams, William M.

doi:10.2460/javma.2002.221.995

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…3 Vestibulovaginal stenosis has been suggested to result in recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic vaginitis, vulvar dermatitis, increased frequency of micturition, incontinence, and mating difficulties. 1,4,5 The degree of constriction at the vestibulovaginal junction necessary to be considered abnormal or to contribute to clinical signs is unclear. Even though there has not been a normal population of dogs studied, the current literature states that the normal vestibulovaginal junction should be larger than a third of the diameter of the vagina.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…6 Another measurement guideline used to determine the normal size of the vestibulovaginal junction is called the vestibulovaginal ratio. 5 This ratio is calculated by dividing the height of the vestibulovaginal junction by the maximum height of the vagina on a lateral vaginourethrogram. 5 Dogs with vestibulovaginal ratios ,0.33 to 0.35 are considered to have vestibulovaginal stenosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…5 This ratio is calculated by dividing the height of the vestibulovaginal junction by the maximum height of the vagina on a lateral vaginourethrogram. 5 Dogs with vestibulovaginal ratios ,0.33 to 0.35 are considered to have vestibulovaginal stenosis. 5 A recent study also found significant differences in the measurement of the lower urogenital tracts between normal intact and spayed dogs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…5 Dogs with vestibulovaginal ratios ,0.33 to 0.35 are considered to have vestibulovaginal stenosis. 5 A recent study also found significant differences in the measurement of the lower urogenital tracts between normal intact and spayed dogs. 7 This finding suggests that new reference ranges need to be established separately for normal dogs, depending on their reproductive status.…”

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Vestibular, Vaginal, and Urethral Relations in Spayed Dogs with and without Lower Urinary Tract Signs

Wang

Samii

Chew

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the urogenital anatomy in female spayed dogs with and without signs of lower urinary tract disease by using conventional vaginourethrography, computed tomography (CT) vaginourethrography, and uroendoscopy. Nineteen dogs with lower urinary tract disease and 12 normal dogs were evaluated prospectively. Measurements made included vaginal length, vaginal height, vaginal width, vestibule length, vestibule height, vestibule width, vestibulovaginal ratios, cingulum height, cingulum width, cingulum area, urethral length, urethral height, urethral width, angle of urethra to vestibule, and angle of vaginal to vestibule. Group comparisons were made between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease. Comparisons between conventional vaginourethrography and CT vaginourethrography were made when the same anatomical measurement was made by the 2 imaging modalities. There was no significant difference in all of the measurements (P . .01), including vestibulovaginal ratios and cingulum areas, between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease. There was a larger proportion of dogs with a vestibulovaginal ratio ,0.33 in normal dogs (8 of 12) compared with the clinical dogs (8 of 16). A significant difference between vestibulovaginal ratios or cingulum areas between dogs with and without lower urinary tract disease could not be identified. This suggests that a vestibulovaginal ratio of ,0.33 may only be an incidental finding and the term ''vestibulovaginal stenosis'' may need to be redefined.

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Vestibular, Vaginal, and Urethral Relations in Spayed Dogs with and without Lower Urinary Tract Signs

Wang

Samii

Chew

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…7 It has been previously reported that the vestibulovaginal junction should be larger than one-third of the diameter of the vagina. 1 To our knowledge, no filling pressure for performing vaginourethrography for any mammalian species has been described in the veterinary medical literature. A study 8 involving spayed dogs with and without lower urinary tract signs revealed no significant cutoff point in the vestibulovaginal ratio with which to differentiate clinically affected dogs from unaffected dogs.…”

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Vaginal resection and anastomosis for treatment of vestibulovaginal stenosis in 4 dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections

Kieves¹,

Novo²,

Martin³

2011

javma

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CASE DESCRIPTION-4 dogs were evaluated because of recurrent urinary tract infections. CLINICAL FINDINGS-All dogs had recurrent urinary tract infections and similar clinical signs; 3 dogs had urinary incontinence. Digital vaginal examination revealed vestibulovaginal stenosis in all dogs, which was confirmed by results of contrast vaginourethrography. From image measurements, the vestibulovaginal ratio (ratio of the height of the vestibulovaginal junction to the maximum height of the vagina on a lateral vaginourethrogram) was calculated for each dog. Three dogs had severe stenosis (vestibulovaginal ratio, < 0.20; severe stenosis is defined as a vestibulovaginal ratio < 0.20), whereas the fourth dog had moderate stenosis (vestibulovaginal ratio, 0.24; ratio range for moderate stenosis is 0.20 to 0.25). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME-All dogs were anesthetized for surgical correction of the vestibulovaginal stenosis. Vaginal resection and anastomosis of the stenosis was performed in all 4 dogs, with 1 dog also undergoing episioplasty. Complete resolution of clinical signs was apparent in 3 dogs; 1 dog had postoperative complications including pollakiuria and stranguria, which resulted in rectal and vaginal prolapse. This dog underwent ovariohysterectomy, after which clinical signs resolved. All dogs had resolution of urinary tract infections at the time of follow-up (6 to 8 months after surgery). CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Resection and anastomosis may resolve recurrent urinary tract infections in dogs with severe or moderate vestibulovaginal stenosis. Episiotomy was not necessary for success of surgical treatment, and overall, that procedure increased morbidity, the severity of intraoperative hemorrhage, and duration of surgery.

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Radiographic Imaging in Urinary Tract Disease

Feeney

Anderson

2011

Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals

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Influence of vestibulovaginal stenosis, pelvic bladder, and recessed vulva on response to treatment for clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in dogs: 38 cases (1990-1999)

Abstract: Vestibulovaginal stenosis is likely an important factor in dogs with vestibulovaginal ratio < 0.20. Vaginectomy or resection and anastomosis should be considered in dogs with severe vestibulovaginal stenosis and signs of lower urinary tract disease.

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Vestibular, Vaginal, and Urethral Relations in Spayed Dogs with and without Lower Urinary Tract Signs

Vestibular, Vaginal, and Urethral Relations in Spayed Dogs with and without Lower Urinary Tract Signs

Vaginal resection and anastomosis for treatment of vestibulovaginal stenosis in 4 dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections

Radiographic Imaging in Urinary Tract Disease

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