Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study

Qin, Li; Dong, Lili; Xu, Wenhai; Zhang, Lidong; León, Arturo S.

doi:10.3390/ijerph15040656

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…At the same time, the entrance and exit of the undersea tunnel are the transition areas of sunlight. The illumination difference inside and outside the tunnel will lead to a “black hole effect” and a “white hole effect” at the entrance and exit of the undersea tunnel, and drivers will have temporary visual disturbances which will directly affect the driver’s driving ability [ 3 ]. Under the interaction of longitudinal slope and illumination changes, drivers will face greater tests in behavior and psychology, which will create a serious hidden danger for driving safety [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Yang

Jiao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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To study the influence of the driving environment of an undersea tunnel on driver EEG (electroencephalography) characteristics and driving safety, a real vehicle experiment was performed in the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel. The experimental data of the drivers’ real vehicle experiment were collected using an illuminance meter, EEG instrument, video recorder and other experimental equipment. The undersea tunnel is divided into different areas, and the distribution law of driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics is analyzed. The correlations between the driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics model the variables that pass the correlation test. The driving safety evaluation model of an undersea tunnel is established, and the driving safety in different areas of the undersea tunnel is evaluated. The results show that there are obvious differences in illumination, EEG power change rate, vehicle speed and other variables in different areas of the undersea tunnel. The driving environment characteristics are highly correlated with the β wave power change rate. The driving safety of different areas of the undersea tunnel from high to low is: upslope area, downslope area, exit area and entrance area. The study will provide a theoretical basis for the safe operation of the undersea tunnel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Yang

Jiao

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Furthermore, the average number of fixations in the daytime decreased when entering the tunnel and had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. However, the average fixation duration and the average number of fixations at night did not show any significant association with vehicle speed [22]. The transfer function of a BP artificial neural network proposed by Yan et al was employed to simulate and analyze the variation of the drivers' eye movement parameters [23].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of Driver Visual Characteristics in Urban Tunnels

Fang

2021

Applied Sciences

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Through an urban tunnel-driving experiment, this paper studies the changing trend of drivers’ visual characteristics in tunnels. A Tobii Pro Glasses 2 wearable eye tracker was used to measure pupil diameter, scanning time, and fixation point distribution of the driver during driving. A two-step clustering algorithm and the data-fitting method were used to analyze the experimental data. The results show that the univariate clustering analysis of the pupil diameter change rate of drivers has poor discrimination because the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “dark adaptation” is larger, while the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “bright adaptation” is relatively smooth. The univariate and bivariate clustering results of drivers’ pupil diameters were all placed into three categories, with reasonable distribution and suitable differentiation. The clustering results accurately corresponded to different locations of the tunnel. The clustering method proposed in this paper can identify similar behaviors of drivers at different locations in the transition section at the tunnel entrance, the inner section, and the outer area of the tunnel. Through data-fitting of drivers’ visual characteristic parameters in different tunnels, it was found that a short tunnel, with a length of less than 1 km, has little influence on visual characteristics when the maximum pupil diameter is small, and the percentage of saccades is relatively low. An urban tunnel with a length between 1 and 2 km has a significant influence on visual characteristics. In this range, with the increase in tunnel length, the maximum pupil diameter increases significantly, and the percentage of saccades increases rapidly. When the tunnel length exceeds 2 km, the maximum pupil diameter does not continue to increase. The longer the urban tunnel, the more discrete the distribution of drivers’ gaze points. The research results should provide a scientific basis for the design of urban tunnel traffic safety facilities and traffic organization.

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“…Relevant tests show that visual disturbance rarely appears in the middle of the tunnel. Therefore, visual disturbance testing generally focuses on the distance between 5 ~ 50 m from the entrance of the tunnel in the daytime, indicating that the tunnel entrance and exit zone visual disturbance is the most obvious (Qin et al 2018). This study mainly focused on the impact of vault color on comfort when driving in the tunnel.…”

Section: Pupil Diametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Vault design of highway tunnels based on the driver’s physiological characteristics

Ying

Xiaoming

et al. 2021

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

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Most studies about tunnel environments focus on the adjustment of brightness in tunnels and pay little attention to the decoration of the walls. This study is based on a highway tunnel in Jilin province, China. Five design schemes (white, gray, dark-blue, light-yellow, and blue sky with white clouds) were selected for the tunnel vaults. The experiment was conducted on a self-developed driving simulation platform. Pupil diameter and heart rate growth (HRG) were proposed to analyze the driving comfort. A SMI eye tracker and a Polar heart-rate belt were employed to record the pupil diameter and heart rate, respectively. The results indicate that the color of the tunnel vault considerably influences the pupil diameter and HRG of a driver. The degrees of emotional fluctuation and psychological tension is higher for drivers in darkcolor environments than in light-color environments. Therefore, light colors must be prioritized when designing tunnel vaults. The results also indicate that a tunnel vault in blue sky with white clouds is the most comfortable for drivers. This experiment provides a reference for the tunnel design.

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Influence of Vehicle Speed on the Characteristics of Driver’s Eye Movement at a Highway Tunnel Entrance during Day and Night Conditions: A Pilot Study

Cited by 26 publications

References 75 publications

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel

Experimental Analysis of Driver Visual Characteristics in Urban Tunnels

Vault design of highway tunnels based on the driver’s physiological characteristics

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