Influence of ultrasound on multi-site phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of N-vinyl carbazole in two phase system

Abstract

Carbazole-containing motifs are of most desired materials because of its wide range of applications due to π-extended systems, molecular and optical properties was easily tunable via diverse structural modifications. Herein, we reported an efficient and facile polymerization of N-vinyl carbazole (NVK) using multi-site phase transfer catalyst with and without ultrasound condition. The rate of polymerization (Rp) was effectively improved with ultrasound in short time on compare with silent condition. Role of different parameters such as variation of frequency, monomer, initiator, catalyst and temperature, solvents, aqueous and pH on the rate of polymerization of NVK was explored under silent and ultrasound condition (45 kHz/550 W). Activation energy of polymerization was supported for an enhancement of rate under ultrasound condition. From the experimental results, an appropriate kinetic model and role of various parameters in polymerization reaction was discussed. The obtained poly (N-vinyl carbazole) was confirmed and characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, TGA and XRD techniques.

Polycarbazole and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Applications. A Review of the Last 10 Years

“…More recently, Marimuthu and Murugesan [ 132 ] reported an efficient and facile polymerization of N-vinyl carbazole (NVK). 1,4-bis (triethyl methyl ammonium) benzene dibromide (TEMABDB) was used as multi-site phase transfer catalyst (MPTC) and potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS) as water soluble initiator at 40 ± 2 °C in two phase system (cyclohexane/water) with ultrasound condition (45 kHz/550 W) and silent.…”

Sonochemical fabrication of inorganic nanoparticles for applications in catalysis

“…1,4-bis (triethyl methyl ammonium) benzene dibromide). [166] Umapathy et al used three different phase transfer catalysts (e.g., 1,4-bis(dimethylhexyl) ethylene diammonium bromide, 1,4-bis(dimethylheptyl) ethylene diammonium bromide, 1,4-bis(dime thyloctyl) ethylene diammonium bromide) to facilitate the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) in an oxygen-free atmosphere under the ultrasound radiation, [167] where K 2 S 2 O 8 acted as a water-soluble initiator. The synergic efficacy of ultrasound and phase transfer catalysts accelerated drastically the polymerization rate, and the efficiency of catalysts increased with the increase in the chain length, which might be associated in the polar group attaching to the carbon chain.…”

Ultrasound and Pressure Assisted Solid‐State Polymerization of Carbazole

“…were reported Cz polymerization in an aqueous solution of naphthalene sulfonic acid in the presence of FeCl 3 at room temperature by ultrasound‐assisted method [53] . Cz was polymerized in chloroform with FeCl 3 at 0 °C in the presence of malachite green dye [35] and N‐vinyl carbazole (NVCz) was polymerized in the presence of potassium peroxydisulfate and phase transfer catalyst at 40 °C [54] with the same method. The use of ultrasonification in the polymerization of Cz with potassium dichromate and modification of resulting PCz with common dyes has been reported to improve the fluorescent properties of PCz [55] …”