Influence of Trace Elements Mixture on Bacterial Diversity and Fermentation Characteristics of Liquid Diet Fermented with Probiotics under Air-Tight Condition

Abstract

Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− are often supplemented to the diet of suckling and early weaning piglets, but little information is available regarding the effects of different Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− mixtures on bacteria growth, diversity and fermentation characteristics of fermented liquid diet for piglets. Pyrosequencing was performed to investigate the effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− mixtures on the diversity, growth and fermentation characteristics of bacteria in the liquid diet fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis under air-tight condition. Results showed that the mixtures of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− at different concentrations promoted Bacillus growth, increased bacterial diversity and lactic acid production and lowered pH to about 5. The importance of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− is different for Bacillus growth with the order Zn2+> Fe2+>Cu2+> I− in a 21-d fermentation and Cu2+>I−>Fe2+>Zn2+ in a 42-d fermentation. Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− is recommended at a level of 150, 60, 150 and 0.6 mg/kg respectively for the production of fermented liquid diet with Bacillus subtilis. The findings improve our understanding of the influence of trace elements on liquid diet fermentation with probiotics and support the proper use of trace elements in the production of fermented liquid diet for piglets.

Spatial scale affects the relative role of stochasticity versus determinism in soil bacterial communities in wheat fields across the North China Plain

“…Mantel test analysis revealed that the major deterministic factors causing trends in soil bacterial community composition are soil pH and to a slightly lesser extent Mg, Ca, TP, TK, and climate factors (MAP-mean annual precipitation, MAT-mean annual temperature; Additional file 2 : Tables S4 and S7). It is clear that various trace elements could influence the microbial diversity and community, such as the compound variable Cu/As/Ca [ 63 ], mixtures of Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ and I − [ 64 ], Fe [ 65 ] and Ca [ 66 ]. Taking Mg and Ca for example, Sagova-Mareckova et al found that the abundance of soil Actinobacteria was positively correlated with these two factors [ 67 ].…”

Soil bacterial biodiversity is driven by long-term pasture management, poultry litter, and cattle manure inputs

“…Nutrients from animal manure inputs (such as poultry litter and cattle manure) are also excellent microbial food sources (Ashworth et al, 2017). Trace elements are also required for bacterial growth and act as cofactors for essential enzymatic reactions in bacterial cells (He et al, 2014). Therefore, increased nutrients from poultry litter applications and grazing likely promotes bacterial richness and diversity, although their combined effects are unknown.…”

Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health

“…The Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet contains more active components for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and a high lactic acid concentration 55 56 . These active components allowed lactic acid-producing bacteria to grow better in the intestines of piglets from the BFLD group than in the intestines of piglets from the BCPD group.…”

“…The protocols for PCR, pyrosequencing, sequence processing and bioinformatic analyses were previously described 56 59 . Differential metabolites were determined using gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry 55 .…”