Influence of TiO 2 /Sb 2 O 3 ratio on ZnO varistor ceramics

Effect of TiO2 doping on microstructural and electrical properties of ZnO–Pr6O11-based varistor ceramics

“…The enhancement of TiO 2 on ZnO grain growth was explained by an increased reactivity of Bi 2 O 3 -rich liquid phase with the solid ZnO in the presence of TiO 2 . During sintering, titanium ions are rapidly distributed into the liquid phase and increase the chemical activity of ZnO particles and thus accelerate the enlargement of ZnO grains [37][38][39][40].…”

Liquid petroleum gas sensing performance enhanced by CuO modification of nanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2

“…There are a number of research publications reporting the application of metal oxides in gas sensors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In metal oxide based gas sensors, gas-sensing mechanism is a surface-controlled phenomenon.…”

Enhancement of electronic protection to reduce e-waste

“…In the layer, Bi 2 O 3 is used as former and other additives are subordinate which often included improving the ceramic electrical properties [17,[33][34][35]. For instance, TiO 2 prevents the vaporization of Bi 2 O 3 and also facilitates ZnO grain growth; Sb 2 O 3 stabilizes the electrical properties and diminishes the leakage current of the varistor during performance [17,29,30,36]. The other additive such as Co 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 are involved in the formation of interfacial states which contribute to the highly non-ohmic property (non-linear property) [18,37].…”

“…In the case of the optimization, the method of 'one variable at a time' has been widely used by varying one of the additives while other parameters are kept constant while the additives are not completely independent; it affects the electrical property of the ceramic [36][37][38][39]. Moreover, the number of experiments is quite high due to the variety of the additives which entail time consumption and possible misinterpretation of the related results.…”