Influence of Three-Way Catalyst on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions During Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold-start

Bogarra, M.; Herreros, José Martín; Hergueta, C.; Tsolakis, Athanasios; York, Andrew P. E.; Millington, Paul

doi:10.1595/205651317x696315

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The highest level of H2 addition (2500 ppm) reduced the time required to reach minimum PN levels post-TWC relative to lower levels and the absence of H2 addition, but did not achieve greater levels of reduction. These reduction levels over a commercial TWC indicated similar trends as previously reported in the literature [4], [47]- [49], which observed a high efficiency of trapping and oxidising nucleation mode particles in a TWC.…”

Section: Figure 5: (A) Particulate Number and (B) Particulate Mass Emsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The engine out particulate mass (PM) shown in Figure 5 b stabilised after 300 s of engine run time at roughly 0.005 μg/cc, and it can be observed that levels of PM were reduced to below 1.0x10 -3 µg/cc post-TWC. With the majority of PM attributable to larger accumulation mode particulates, the PM reduction across the TWC for RGL was not as significant as the effect on the PN (Figure 5 a), pointing towards a more pronounced effect of the TWC on oxidising and trapping nucleation mode particles [4], [47]- [49]. As with the particulate number, increasing levels of H2 added to the exhaust stream showed a positive effect in decreasing the time to reach minimum PM levels.…”

Section: Figure 5: (A) Particulate Number and (B) Particulate Mass Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The speciation of unregulated gaseous emissions of an engine operated with different levels of ethanol blended in gasoline resulted in increased amounts of ethanol and aldehyde species in the exhaust [52]. Furthermore, Bogarra et al [4] formulated the following…”

Section: Comparison Of Emissions Reduction Across the Twc For Differementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Continuously reducing levels of legislated pollutants in the USA and Europe have driven the development of highly efficient aftertreatment devices for many years [1], [2]. State-of-theart TWC's reach conversion efficiencies significantly above 90 % for all legislated gaseous species in warmed-up running conditions and the majority of cumulative tailpipe emissions in legislated cycles are emitted before the light-off temperature of the converter is reached [3], [4]. The announced thresholds for CO2 fleet emissions in 2020 in Europe, strict legislation introduced in China and India and an anticipated further reduction in solid and gaseous emissions levels with post Euro 6 regulations [2], [5], make further improvement of after-treatment devices, and the search for alternative sustainable fuel sources, inevitable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Exhaust Gas Hydrogen Addition and Oxygenated Fuel Blends on the Light-Off Performance of a Three-Way Catalyst

Kärcher¹,

Hellier²,

Ladommatos³

2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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A significant amount of harmful emissions pass unreacted through catalytic after-treatment devices for IC engines before the light-off temperature is reached, despite the high conversion efficiency of these systems in fully warm conditions. Further tightening of fleet targets and worldwide emission regulations will make a faster catalyst light-off to meet legislated standards hence reduce the impact of road transport on air quality even more critical. This work investigates the effect of adding hydrogen (H2) at levels up to 2500 ppm into the exhaust gases produced by combustion of various oxygenated C2-, C4-and renewable fuel molecules blended at 20 % wt/wt with gasoline on the light-off performance of a commercially available three-way catalyst (TWC) (0.61 L, Pd/Rh/Pt-19/5/1, 15g). The study was conducted on a modified naturally aspirated, 1.4 L, four-cylinder, direct-injected, spark-ignition engine. The experiments were performed at the steady-state condition of 1600 r/min and BMEP of 3.6 bar, derived from a time-based load distribution of a WLTC cycle simulation, with levels of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter and hydrogen measured both upstream and downstream of the TWC. Low-level H2 addition reduced the TWC light-off temperature of CO, THC and NOx, and decreased the time to reach steady particulate number/ mass levels post-TWC. The presence of C2-(ethanol, acetaldehyde, diethyl ether) and C4-(1-butanol, butyraldehyde, 2-butanone, methyl tert-butyl ether) molecules displayed minimal impact on the conversion efficiencies relative to operating the engine with pure reference gasoline. Linalool and γ-valerolactone blends displayed a slight increase in light-off temperature and produced elevated levels of particulates pre and post catalyst, while 2-methylfuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran blends emitted lower levels of particulates. Hydrogen levels post-converter were found to reach almost full conversion after H2 light-off, independent of the amount added, however after CO light-off the conversion of the additional H2 was reduced significantly.

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Section: Figure 5: (A) Particulate Number and (B) Particulate Mass Emsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Figure 5: (A) Particulate Number and (B) Particulate Mass Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Emissions Reduction Across the Twc For Differementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Exhaust Gas Hydrogen Addition and Oxygenated Fuel Blends on the Light-Off Performance of a Three-Way Catalyst

Kärcher¹,

Hellier²,

Ladommatos³

2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…The determination of particle size distribution functions not only provides information related to the environmental and human health effects but also could contribute to the diagnosis of the causes of particle formation as well as to adopt actions for their abatement. Exhaust particle size distributions are measured using particle sizer spectrometers such as Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) [10], Engine Exhaust Particle Spectrometer (EEPS), Cambustion DMS 500 [11], Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) [12], etc. These equipment require the dilution of the exhaust to reproduce atmospheric conditions and adapt the sample in temperature and particle concentration to be measured by the equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-empirical model for indirect measurement of soot size distributions in compression ignition engines

2018

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Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

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NO catalytic performance analysis of gasoline engine tapered variable cell density carrier catalytic converter

Zuo

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Improving the flow field uniformity of catalytic converter can promote the catalytic conversion of NO to NO2. Firstly, the physical and mathematical models of improved catalytic converter are established, and its accuracy is verified by experiments. Then, the NO catalytic performance of standard and improved catalytic converters is compared, and the influences of structural parameters on its performance are investigated. The results showed that: (1) The gas uniformity, pressure drop and NO conversion rate of the improved catalytic converter are increased by 0.0643, 6.78% and 7.0% respectively. (2) As the cell density combination is 700 cpsi/600 cpsi, NO conversion rate reaches the highest, 73.7%, and the gas uniformity is 0.9821. (3) When the tapered height is 20 mm, NO conversion rate reaches the highest, 72.4%, the gas uniformity is 0.9744. (4) When the high cell density radius is 20 mm, NO conversion rate reaches the highest, 72.1%, the gas uniformity is 0.9783. (5) When the tapered end face radius is 20 mm, NO conversion rate reaches the highest, 72.0%, the gas uniformity is 0.9784. The results will provide a very important reference value for improving NO catalytic and reducing vehicle emission.

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Influence of Three-Way Catalyst on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions During Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold-start

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of Exhaust Gas Hydrogen Addition and Oxygenated Fuel Blends on the Light-Off Performance of a Three-Way Catalyst

Effects of Exhaust Gas Hydrogen Addition and Oxygenated Fuel Blends on the Light-Off Performance of a Three-Way Catalyst

Semi-empirical model for indirect measurement of soot size distributions in compression ignition engines

NO catalytic performance analysis of gasoline engine tapered variable cell density carrier catalytic converter

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