Influence of the treatment medium temperature on lutein extraction assisted by pulsed electric fields from Chlorella vulgaris

The effect of temperature and moderate electric field pre‐treatment on carotenoid extraction from Heterochlorella luteoviridis

“…Luengo et al . () studied lutein extraction from Chlorella vulgaris between 10 and 40 °C using PEF (10–25 kV cm −1 ). According to these authors, the permeabilisation degree is higher at higher temperatures, facilitating the extraction, which is in agreement with the results obtained in the present work.…”

“…The results obtained in the present work are in agreement with other studies in which PEF was evaluated for extraction (Luengo et al ., ; Postma et al ., ). Postma et al .…”

Innovative Alternative Technologies to Extract Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds

“…Furthermore, extraction of carotenoids which are bound to chloroplasts requires more intense treatments, as the chloroplast membranes has to be electroporated along with the plasma membrane to improve the mass transfer of extractable compounds. Considering that the external electric field threshold required to trigger electroporation is inversely related to cell size [56,57], higher electric field strengths are required for permeabilization of smaller internal organelles like chloroplasts [58]. Specifically, nanosecond pulses with electric field strengths around 100 kV/cm have been reported to cause the electroporation of intracellular organelles [59].…”

“…It was found that a mild thermal treatment enhanced electroporation efficiency of PEF treatment in plant tissues [66,67]. In the case of extraction of luteinfrom C. vulgaris , PEF pretreated samples (25 kV/cm for 75 μs) resulted in a 4.5-fold higher concentration of lutein (753 μg/g dw of C. vulgaris culture), with respect to to untreated samples, when carried out at 40 °C, whereas the yield increased only of 2.3 and 3.2 fold when carried out at 10 and 25 °C [56]. The increase in yield at higher temperatures was positively correlated with the increase in membrane permeabilization.…”

“…Furthermore, the yield also increased with the applied electric field strength, which was correlated to the irreversible electroporation of algal membranes. Interestingly, temperature enhanced electroporation under the PEF treatment and decreased the treatment time to achieve the desired yields, consequently reducing the total specific energy required for the treatment [56]. …”