Influence of the solution volume on the growth of C60 nanowhiskers

Abstract

The lengths and diameters of C 60 nanowhiskers (C 60 NWs) grown in solutions were investigated relative to the inner diameter of the glass bottle and the solution volume while maintaining the volumetric ratio of C 60-saturated toluene and isopropyl alcohol at 1:1. The mean lengths and diameters of the C 60 NWs increased, and the distribution of the lengths and diameters broadened when increasing the solution volume. The mean crystal nucleus size of the C 60 NWs was determined by analyzing the size dependence of C 60 NWs on the solution volume. The lengths and diameters of C 60 NWs asymptotically approach their upper limits when increasing the solution volume.

Towards the standardization of fullerene nanofibers using Raman spectroscopy

“…The C 60 nanofibers (nanowhiskers) were synthesized through a modified liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method (LLIP) method [9]. A C 60 -saturated toluene solution was poured into a glass bottle and an equal amount of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was layered onto the C 60 -saturated toluene solution.…”

Synthesis of fullerene nanowhiskers using the liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation method and their mechanical, electrical and superconducting properties

“…Linear relationships between the area of the liquid–liquid interface and the diameter of C 60 NWs were observed when the total volume of solution was fixed [ 61 ]. Changes in the lengths and diameters of C 60 NWs upon varying the solution volume have been examined [ 62 ]. These C 60 NWs were prepared by dynamic LLIP in a C 60 -saturated toluene and IPA system.…”

“…After the initial formation of a liquid–liquid interface by layering an equal amount of IPA on a C 60 -saturated toluene solution, the solution was manually mixed by shaking 30 times. The relationships between solution volume and mean length, diameter and aspect ratio are shown in figures 2 (a)–(c) [ 62 ]. The aspect ratio, as derived from the y -intercepts of figures 2 (a) and (b) (5.02 μ m/387 nm) yielded a value of 13.0, almost identical to the value derived from the y -intercept of figure 2 (c) (13.1).…”

“…The equation fitted to the data is y = −1.12496 × 10 9 x −0.5674 . Reprinted from [ 62 ], copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier.…”

Analysis of the Size of Two-Component C₆₀-C₇₀ Fullerene Whiskers

“…With regard to biodegradability, although untreated FNWs composed of C60 (C60 NWs) were reported to show high biodegradability and weak cytotoxic effects [15,16], the long C60 NWs hardened by a heat treatment under vacuum conditions were reported to exhibit lower biodegradability than that of the untreated C60 NWs and abilities to induce the Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3)mediated IL-1b secretion which leads to inflammation [17,18]. With regard to dimensions, we have investigated the diameters and lengths of C60 NWs by varying the solution volume, the ratio between good and poor solvents, and the water amount [19,20].…”