Influence of the Rootstock and the Ploidy Level of the Scion and the Rootstock on Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Essential Oil Yield, Composition and Aromatic Properties

Abstract

Rootstock is widely used for the cultivation of citrus fruits because it brings resistance or tolerance to diseases or environmental constrains and modulates the fruit quality. Polyploidization is a widespread improvement strategy in citrus. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rootstock and ploidy level on the composition of essential oils. Two trials were conducted, one displaying a ‘Navelina’ orange grafted on three rootstocks and a second combining two ploidy levels (di and tetraploid) of scion (‘Pineapple’ orange) and rootstock (‘Carrizo’ citrange). The composition of peel essential oil (PEO) was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and a panel of experts analyzed its flavor variation with a triangle test approach. The rootstock influenced the yield and composition of the orange PEO, with a low impact on flavor. Neither the rootstock nor the scion ploidy level affected the PEO yield. Only the tetraploid level of the scion significantly modified the PEO composition, reducing the oxygenated compound fraction. Sensitive significant differences were detected between the reference sample (diploid scion–diploid rootstock) and the three other combinations. These results suggest that for the profiling of an aromatic flavor, the rootstock is a key element as is the ploidy level of the scion.

Assessment of Four-Seasonal Quality and Yield of Cut Flower Roses Grafted onto Rosa Rootstocks

“…The PCA-based biplot is a method of geometrically analyzing information in multivariate data. In a biplot graph, if the position of the variable and the direction of the arrow are close, it means that the correlation is high [21]. Tables 1 and 2 were used for biplot-based PCA.…”

“…A biplot is useful for data analysis as it allows one to visually evaluate the structure of large data matrices. Agriculturally, it is used in various fields, such as those related to the quality of fruit [21], disease [22,23], breeding [24], classification [25] and soil ingredients [20].…”

Correspondence between the Compositional and Aromatic Diversity of Leaf and Fruit Essential Oils and the Pomological Diversity of 43 Sweet Oranges (Citrus x aurantium var sinensis L.)

“…This shows that aliphatic aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, decanal, and dodecanal) and oxygenated monoterpenes (linalool, citronellal, and citral) are the major contributing compounds to orange aroma, whereas hydrocarbon monoterpenes (limonene, myrcene, and α-pinene) and sesquiterpenes (mainly β-sinensal) have a small contribution. Nevertheless, the PEO composition of a citrus fruit can be influenced by many factors [15], such as the environment [16], the harvest year [17], the harvest date [18,19], the rootstock [20,21], the extraction system [22,23], the storage conditions [24], and the health of the tree [25][26][27]. Some examples of the effects of these different factors of variation in citrus PEO composition are presented hereafter.…”

Investigation of Diversity by Analyzing the Polymorphism of SSR Markers and the Composition of Leaf and Fruit Essential Oils of 72 Mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

“…The composition of essential oils can fluctuate depending on many factors such as the environment [20], the stage of fruit maturity [21], the rootstock [22,23], extraction method [24], the health of the tree [25,26], the genotype and the climate changes [27]. Variations in PEO composition can be very significant, as in the case of bergamot PEO, where the proportion of linalyl acetate varied during the ripening period from 17.07% to 40.37% [27].…”