Influence of the regulatory peptide galanin on cytokine expression in human monocytes

Ramspacher, Andrea; Neudert, Magdalena; Koller, Andreas; Schlager, Sandra; Kofler, Barbara; Brunner, Susanne M.

doi:10.1111/nyas.14111

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Based on the size and shape of the cells and their nuclei, GALR-positive GAMs resemble the bone marrow-derived macrophage type. Recently it has been shown that GAL is able to influence immune cell behavior by modulating cytokine expression and release, as demonstrated in human neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes and macrophages (7,48,54,55). Furthermore, galanin down-regulates microglial tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and induces microglial migration (56,57).…”

Section: (Supplementarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

et al. 2020

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Expression of neuropeptides and their corresponding receptors has been demonstrated in different cancer types, where they can play a role in tumor cell growth, invasion, and migration. Human galanin (GAL) is a 30-amino-acid regulatory neuropeptide which acts through three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL 1-R, GAL 2-R, and GAL 3-R that differ in their signal transduction pathways. GAL and galanin receptors (GALRs) are expressed by different tumors, and direct involvement of GAL in tumorigenesis has been shown. Despite its strong expression in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of GAL in CNS tumors has not been extensively studied. To date, GAL peptide expression, GAL receptor binding and mRNA expression have been reported in glioma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. However, data on the cellular distribution of GALRs are sparse. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of GAL and GALRs in different brain tumors by immunohistochemistry. Anterior pituitary gland (n = 7), pituitary adenoma (n = 9) and glioma of different WHO grades I-IV (n = 55) were analyzed for the expression of GAL and the three GALRs with antibodies recently extensively validated for specificity. While high focal GAL immunoreactivity was detected in up to 40% of cells in the anterior pituitary gland samples, only one pituitary adenoma showed focal GAL expression, at a low level. In the anterior pituitary, GAL 1-R and GAL 3-R protein expression was observed in up to 15% of cells, whereas receptor expression was not detected in pituitary adenoma. In glioma, diffuse and focal GAL staining was noticed in the majority of cases. GAL 1-R was observed in eight out of nine glioma subtypes. GAL 2-R immunoreactivity was not detected in glioma and pituitary adenoma, while GAL 3-R expression was significantly associated to high-grade glioma (WHO grade IV). Most interestingly, expression of GAL and GALRs was observed in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils and glioma-associated macrophages/microglia. The presence of GALRs on tumor-associated immune cells, especially macrophages, indicates that GAL signaling contributes to homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, our data indicate that GAL signaling in tumor-supportive myeloid cells could be a novel therapeutic target.

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Section: (Supplementarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

et al. 2020

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“…The results showed the GAL3 mutant mice expressed less IL-17A (65% reduction), IL-22 (80% reduction), IL-23 (64% reduction) and TNF-α (49% reduction) compared with WT animals. Other studies showed that galanin was found to increase the expression of IL-1β up to 1.5-fold; TNF-α, IL-10, IL-18 and CCL3 up to 2-fold; and CXCL8 up to 4-fold in nonactivated monocytes [ 37 ]. On the other hand, we showed downregulation of irg1l and tnfa in the knockout galn−/− larvae, which indicates that galanin deficiency leads to decreased expression of cytokines and plays a role in an inflammatory process; however, its function and mechanism are not entirely clear yet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Role of Galanin during Chemically Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish Larvae

Nowik

Przyborowska

Sienkiewicz

et al. 2021

Biology

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During a pathological condition, many different systems are involved in the response of an affected organism. Galanin is considered to be a neuropeptide that plays an important role in the central nervous system; however, it is involved in many other biological processes, including the immune response. During our studies, we showed that galanin became upregulated in zebrafish larvae when exposed to copper sulfate. Moreover, the presence of normal levels of galanin, administration of a galanin analog NAX 5055 or galanin overexpression led to lowered lateral line damage and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers compared to the knockout larvae. The results showed that the neuroendocrine system acts multifunctionally and should be considered as a part of the complex neuro–immune–endocrine axis.

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“…However, this effect was not seen for macrophages ( 163 ). Furthermore, this neuropeptide has also been reported to affect immune responses mediated by activated monocytes, by regulating their cytokine expression ( 164 ), and neutrophils by acting as a modulator of their activation ( 165 ). Interestingly, galanin improved the response of NK cells to IL-18 and modulated the production of IFN-γ by cytokine-producing NK cells upon IL-18 and IL-12 stimulation.…”

Section: Neuronal Signals Regulating the Immune System And Hsv-1 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk Between Epithelial Cells, Neurons and Immune Mediators in HSV-1 Skin Infection

et al. 2021

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is highly prevalent in humans, with approximately two-thirds of the world population living with this virus. However, only a fraction of those carrying HSV-1, which elicits lifelong infections, are symptomatic. HSV-1 mainly causes lesions in the skin and mucosae but reaches the termini of sensory neurons innervating these tissues and travels in a retrograde manner to the neuron cell body where it establishes persistent infection and remains in a latent state until reactivated by different stimuli. When productive reactivations occur, the virus travels back along axons to the primary infection site, where new rounds of replication are initiated in the skin, in recurrent or secondary infections. During this process, new neuron infections occur. Noteworthy, the mechanisms underlying viral reactivations and the exit of latency are somewhat poorly understood and may be regulated by a crosstalk between the infected neurons and components of the immune system. Here, we review and discuss the immune responses that occur at the skin during primary and recurrent infections by HSV-1, as well as at the interphase of latently-infected neurons. Moreover, we discuss the implications of neuronal signals over the priming and migration of immune cells in the context of HSV-1 infection.

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Influence of the regulatory peptide galanin on cytokine expression in human monocytes

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma

Protective Role of Galanin during Chemically Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish Larvae

Crosstalk Between Epithelial Cells, Neurons and Immune Mediators in HSV-1 Skin Infection

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