Influence of the Process of Synthesis of Zeolites from Volcanic Ash in Its Synergistic Action as a Flame-Retardant for Polypropylene Composites

Abstract

In this research, the influence of natural zeolites obtained from the volcanic ash of the Ubinas volcano has been studied as synergistic agents in a flame-retardant system (composed of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and polypropylene). Four zeolites were synthesized from volcanic ash, including those that had been calcined and those that had not. These were then placed in an alkaline solution at three synthesis temperatures. Zeolites were characterized through X-ray diffraction, specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption analysis (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and scanning electron microscopy. Polypropylene matrix composites were prepared with ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and zeolites at 1, 5 and 9%. Its thermal stability and fire resistance were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test and cone calorimeter and its morphological structure by scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the synthesis temperature and the use of calcined and without calcined volcanic ash have an influence on the characteristics of the zeolites and on its synergistic action.

Significant Impact of Hydrothermalism on the Biogeochemical Signature of Sinking and Sedimented Particles in the Lau Basin

“…Indeed, the angular shape of this volcanic material indicates its recent origin and freshness, since remobilized volcanic particles would display more rounded angles. The detrital‐like Boström index can therefore be attributed to the predominance of volcanic‐derived particles, a material reported as Mn‐poor but Fe and Al‐rich (Figure 5b; e.g., Almirón et al., 2021; Fiantis et al., 2010; Leonelli et al., 2007; Naji and Asi, 2008; Oskarasson, 2010; Razzhigaeva et al., 2009; Tchakoute Kouamo et al., 2012). LSi EF at 1,000 m provides further evidence, as this element has been reported to be enriched in volcanic material relative to pelagic ones (Bailey, 1993; Fiantis et al., 2010; Li and Schoonmaker, 2003; Sayles and Bischoff, 1973).…”

Evaluation of the Flame-Retardant Performance and Fire Risk of Cellulose Building Finishing Material Due to the Particle Size of Expandable Graphite

“…A Study on the Improvement of Flame-Retardant Performance for the Use of Construction Finishing Materials in Paper Beehive [13] Vojta et al (2017) Statistical analysis of the type and content of flame retardants used [14] Almirón et al (2022) Analysis of the effect of zeolites of volcanic ash on the synergistic effects of flame-retardant systems [15] Han et al (2022) Development and verification of PLA composite materials with improved flame retardants through the mixing of polylactic acid (PLA) and flame retardant [16] Guo (2022) Development of flame-retardant polystyrene composite panels using magnesium hydroxide flame retardant [17] The recycling ratio of paper waste generated worldwide is only up to 65%, and efforts are being made to improve recycling rates [18]. This study reviews the use of wastepaper as a building finishing material with flame-retardant properties, incorporating a recycling method for wastepaper.…”

“…Almirón et al confirmed that natural zeolites collected from volcanic ash affect the synergistic action of flame-retardant systems comprising ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and polypropylene [15].…”

Temporal and spatial variability in the hydrothermal signature of sinking particles and sediments in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean

“…The higher Boström index at 1000 m (~40 to 66; Table 3) can therefore be attributed to the predominance of volcanic-derived particles, a material reported as Mn-poor but Fe and Al-rich (Fig. 5b; e.g., Almirón et al, 2021;Fiantis et al, 2010;Leonelli et al, 2007;Naji and Asi, 2008;Oskarasson, 2010;Razzhigaeva et al, 2009;Tchakoute Kouamo et al, 2012). It also explains the high estimated LSiEF at 1000 m (x14 relative to reference pelagic clays) as this element has been reported to be enriched in volcanic material relative to pelagic ones (Li and Schoonmaker, 2003;Sayles and Bischoff, 1973;Bailey, 1993;Fiantis et al, 2010).…”