Influence of the Printing Angle and Load Direction on Flexure Strength in 3D Printed Materials for Provisional Dental Restorations

Derban, Paula; Negrea, Romeo; Romînu, Mihai; Marșavina, Liviu

doi:10.3390/ma14123376

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…18,20 Previous studies reported the correlation between printing orientation and the strength of 3D-printed resins. 10,23,26 In regard to printing orientation in the present study, the 0degree (horizontal) orientation groups showed the highest flexural strength values in both 3D-printed resins compared to 45-and 90-degree. This could be related to shifting of the layering build of the printing direction from parallel to perpendicular to load direction which can result in strong adhesion within the same layers compared to 45-degree (oblique) and 90-degree (vertical) orientation (Fig 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Effect of Printing Orientation and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Strength of 3D‐Printed Resins

Al‐Dulaijan¹,

Alsulaimi

Alotaibi

et al. 2022

Journal of Prosthodontics

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To evaluate the effect of printing orientation combined with different postcuring times on the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. Materials and methods: A total of 480 rectangular specimens with the dimensions of 64×10×3.3 mm were designed and fabricated from two 3D-printed acrylic resins and one heat-polymerized resin (HP). 3D-printed groups were divided into 3 groups according to printing orientations (0-, 45-, 90-degree); each group was subdivided into 4 groups according to postcuring time (30, 60, 90, 120 min.). All specimens were subjected to thermal cycling (10,000 cycles) before testing flexural strength. Fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). Results:The result of this study showed that the highest flexural strength values of 3D-printed resin (NextDent, and ASIGA) were in 0-degree groups. Also, the flexural strength values increased when postcuring time was increased, regardless of the printing orientation; the highest flexural strength was recorded at 120 minutes postcuring time in all orientations. SEM analysis showed a rougher surface with irregular lamellae which represented a ductile fracture confirming that high energy is required for crack propagation and these features markedly increased as postcuring time increased. Conclusion:The results showed that the 0-degree orientation groups showed higher flexural strength compared to other groups. Similarly, with increased postcuring time, the flexural strength increased.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Effect of Printing Orientation and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Strength of 3D‐Printed Resins

Al‐Dulaijan¹,

Alsulaimi

Alotaibi

et al. 2022

Journal of Prosthodontics

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“…The 19 studies included in this review [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] investigated different types of 3D-printing resins. Five tested the 3Dprinting resin used for the fabrication of interim fixed prostheses, 15,16,19,20,22 seven for denture bases, 12,14,23,25,[27][28][29] one for denture teeth, 26 two for occlusal devices, 11,18 three for orthodontic appliances, 17,21,24 and one for surgical guides 13 (Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of the included studies described the methods of randomization, allocation, implementation, or access to full trial protocols. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Only one study 28 reported how the sample size was determined.…”

Section: Includedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting flexural strength of 3D‐printed resins: A systematic review

Gad

Fouda

2023

Journal of Prosthodontics

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The strength of 3D-printed resins is affected by different factors, but review articles clarifying these factors are limited. This review lists the factors affecting the strength of 3D-printed resins and the possible correlations between them to answer the study question: What are the factors affecting the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins? Methods: A database search (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus) was performed, limited to English-language publications between 2010 and February 1, 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for study selection. The modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist was used to determine the risk of bias of the included studies in this review. The data analysis was descriptive due to the presence of many variables in the included studies. Results: Out of 123 studies, 26 were reviewed for full-text analysis, and 19 met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in this systematic review. The included studies were divided according to the investigated resin: 5 studies tested provisional restorations, seven tested denture base resins, 2 tested occlusal devices, 3 tested orthodontic appliances, 1 tested denture teeth, and 1 tested surgical guide resins. These studies investigated the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins, with different factors, such as reinforcement with fillers or nanofillers; printing orientation, angulation, and directions; post-polymerization time and temperature; third-party printing (switching between printers and materials); printing layer thickness; and post-printing rinsing time. Most factors significantly affected the flexural strength of 3D-printed resin. Conclusions: The strength of 3D-printed resins could be improved with one or more of the following factors: filler or nanofiller addition; printing orientation, angulation, or directions; printing layer thickness; and post-polymerization time and temperature. However, further studies combining these factors are recommended. K E Y W O R D S3D printing, additive manufacturing, flexural strength, prosthodontics, provisional restorations 3D printers are now easy to use, consistent, inexpensive, and smaller and lighter than before. 1 They can produce complex or multiple structures at the same time. 2,3 Commonly used 3D printers in the dental field are based on stereolithography (SLA) or digital light processing (DLP) technology. In both methods, the object is built in layers from a photopolymer. In SLA, a laser light track is used to polymerize the resin, whereas, in DLP, a digital projector screen flashes light through the entire layer to build the 3D structures. 3,4 The photopolymer resin consists of 75% oligomers, 25% monomers, and photopolymerization initiators, which, when exposed to ultraviolet light, cleave primary radicals that react with the oligomers and monomers and lead to polymerization. 5 3D-printing technology can fabricate several objects simultaneously, with less wasted material. It can also prod...

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“…The simulated and experimental size distributions are compared by adopting the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. 35 Figure 5c shows the simulated internal nanoparticle size distribution after sintering, which can be well fitted by a Gaussian distribution function with a mean diameter of 3.51 nm. As displayed in Supplementary Table 1, the test statistics F is less than the critical values (F-crit) at the 0.05 confidence level, and the P value is larger than 0.05, meaning that the hypothesis on the identity of the two size distributions cannot be rejected.…”

Section: T H Imentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Here, the internal and external nanoparticles’ sintering are both simulated by the Ostwald ripening kinetic model following the procedure of De Smet et al , This simulation begins with the size distribution of the nanoparticles before sintering and ends when the number of nanoparticles in the model evolves to equal the number of nanoparticles after sintering observed in the experiment. The simulated and experimental size distributions are compared by adopting the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method Figure c shows the simulated internal nanoparticle size distribution after sintering, which can be well fitted by a Gaussian distribution function with a mean diameter of 3.51 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sintering Behaviors of Supported Nanoparticles Related to Spatial Location by a Quasi-Four-Dimensional TEM

Liang

Sun

et al. 2022

Nano Lett.

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The performance degradation via sintering phenomenon is a critical issue for the application of supported nanoparticles in industrial catalysis. However, the challenges to combine in situ stimulation and three-dimensional (3D) characterization hinder a profound understanding of sintering behaviors, thus the effect of spatial location on nanoparticles sintering has long been neglected. Herein, based on a homemade holder integrated with in situ Joule heating and electron tomography, a quasi-four-dimensional (4D) transmission electron microscope characterization approach is developed to reveal the spatial location of supported nanoparticles and its pronounced impact on size distribution and sintering behaviors. The results of 3D visualization and statistical analysis demonstrate a strong location-dependent sintering behavior of supported nanoparticles, where external nanoparticles sinter via migration coalescence, and internal nanoparticles sinter via Ostwald ripening. The quasi-4D methods developed in this work can also be extended to the study on 3D configuration evolution of other nanomaterials under an external stimulus.

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Influence of the Printing Angle and Load Direction on Flexure Strength in 3D Printed Materials for Provisional Dental Restorations

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of Printing Orientation and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Strength of 3D‐Printed Resins

Effect of Printing Orientation and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Strength of 3D‐Printed Resins

Factors affecting flexural strength of 3D‐printed resins: A systematic review

Sintering Behaviors of Supported Nanoparticles Related to Spatial Location by a Quasi-Four-Dimensional TEM

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