Influence of the orientation on the optimal glazing size for passive houses in different European climates (for non-cardinal directions)

Modeling Nearly Zero Energy Buildings for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas

“…To attain nZEB features, photovoltaic (PV) modules were mounted on the roof. To asses the output power of the PV system, DesignBuilder adopted equivalent to one diode or a four-parameter-equivalent circuit method where the slope of the IV curve is zero under short circuit conditions [18]:…”

“…The four parameters, I L,re f , I O,re f , g, and R s , were obtained from manufacture's catalogue [18]. The equation can be defined follows.…”

“…The diode reverse saturation current, I O , varies with the temperature and is calculated by the following equation [18]:…”

“…The following equations that separate the three parameters can be expressed by some modifications [18].…”

“…The scrutiny of Indonesian residential buildings indicated that natural construction material is capable of reducing the electricity consumption of dwellings [17]. The influence of building orientation on the WWR of a single-family house was examined in temperate climates considering various U-values and g-values; the optimal WWR for Ljubljana was found to vary between 38% and 42% [18]. Alghoul et al analyzed the effect of window orientation and WWR on the energy use of an office building in Libya and concluded that the cooling demand increases and the heating demand decreases with an increase in WWR [19].…”