Influence of the microbiota on host physiology – moving beyond the gut

Barrett, Kim E.; Wu, Gary D.

doi:10.1113/jp273451

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…18 The mechanisms of commensal gut resident microbiota in the restoration of epithelial barrier function and epithelial wound healing is only recently being delineated. Interestingly, several recent studies described the dynamic changes in the physiology and inflammatory responses of the wound microenvironment [19][20][21][22] and the consequent alterations in the bacterial population. Furthermore, it was determined that these events drive a spatiotemporal alteration of the microbial community structure in the mucosal wound microenvironments resulting in the enrichment of a mucosa-associated microbial consortium, which in turn, augments gut epithelial wound healing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function

2018

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The mammalian intestine harbors a highly complex and abundant ensemble of bacteria that flourish in a nutrient-rich environment while profoundly influencing many aspects of host biology. The intestine coevolved with its resident microbes in a manner where the mucosa developed a barrier function to segregate the resident microbes from the rest of the body, and yet paradoxically, allowing integration of microbial signals for the host benefit. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of why the gut microbiota is key to the efficient development and maintenance of the intestinal barrier. We also highlighted how a destabilized equilibrium between gut microbiota and the host may eventuate in a wide range of intestinal diseases characterized by the disrupted intestinal barrier. Finally, the review delineated how microenvironmental changes in the injured mucosa result in an enrichment of a pro-regenerating consortium of bacteria, which augments mucosal wound repair and restoration of barrier functions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function

2018

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“…Humans are colonized by trillions of microbial cells ( 1 ), the majority of this microbial ecosystem residing in the gut. The gut microbiome or gut microbiota (GM) is a very complex organ ( 2 ), its composition is dynamic ( 3 , 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GM has a profound primary influence on human nutrition (digestion and absorption of nutrients), and metabolism, and seems to play a critical role in the development and function of the host immune system ( 5 ). The microbiome regulates the immune system at the mucosal level by producing active metabolites ( 1 ). The physiological interaction between the host immune system and the GM is important for preventing tissue-damaging inflammatory responses directed against commensals while avoiding infection by pathogens or the uncontrolled growth of indigenous pathobionts ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Formation of Glycan-Specific Natural Antibodies Repertoire in GalT-KO Mice Is Determined by Gut Microbiota

et al. 2019

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Gut commensal bacteria are known to have a significant role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune homeostasis. Alterations in the intestinal microbial composition have been associated with several disease states, including autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, it is not entirely clear how commensal gut microbiota modulate and contribute to the systemic immunity, and whether circulating elements of the host immune system could regulate the microbiome. Thus, we have studied the diversity and abundance of specific taxons in the gut microbiota of inbred GalT-KO mice during 7 months of animal life by metagenetic high-throughput sequencing (16S rRNA gene, variable regions V3–V5). The repertoire of glycan-specific natural antibodies, obtained by printed glycan array technology, was then associated with the microbial diversity for each animal by metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS). Our data show that the orders clostridiales (most abundant), bacteriodales, lactobacillales, and deferribacterales may be associated with the development of the final repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in GalT-KO mice. The main changes in microbiota diversity (month-2 and month-3) were related to important changes in levels and repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in these mice. Additionally, significant positive and negative associations were found between the gut microbiota and the pattern of specific anti-glycan antibodies. Regarding individual features, the gut microbiota and the corresponding repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies showed differences among the examined animals. We also found redundancy in different taxa associated with the development of specific anti-glycan antibodies. Differences in microbial diversity did not, therefore, necessarily influence the overall functional output of the gut microbiome of GalT-KO mice. In summary, the repertoire of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies may be partially determined by the continuous antigenic stimulation produced by the gut bacterial population of each GalT-KO mouse. Small differences in gut microbiota diversity could determine different repertoire and levels of natural anti-glycan antibodies and consequently might induce different immune responses to pathogens or other potential threats.

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“…This matches previous epidemiological investigation results, in which PM could alter the gut microbiome and result in gut disease (6). How this process was triggered and whether it is related to the influence of PM2.5 on microbiota colonization in the gastrointestinal tract (26) remains unknown. In particular, in the present study the change in gut microbes in the SHR rats was characterized by a major transition from Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes under pollutant exposure (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to atmospheric pollutants is associated with alterations of gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats

et al. 2019

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Atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and pollution are worldwide environmental problems and may have negative effects on cardiovascular disease through the lung and gut. The dynamics of intestinal microflora in response to particulate pollutants is unclear. The present study investigated changes in the gut microbiota related to pollutant exposure using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). DNA was extracted from fecal samples. Amplicon Generation and the quality control of PCR products were performed. PCR products was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Data analysis included: operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering and species annotation, alpha diversity, beta diversity, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and the use of PICRUSt bioinformatics software. The microbial diversity of the SHR rats was inversely associated with exposure to pollutants. In terms of relative abundance, 24 bacterial genera and 2 genera in particular (Actinobacillus and Fusobacterium) significantly declined, and one genus (Treponema) increased. Moreover, pollutant exposure was associated with the accumulation of genes from the gut microbiota that are implicated in cardiovascular diseases. From the long-term exposure experiment, rats appeared to respond to pollutant injury. In conclusion, these results suggest that the effects of atmospheric pollutants on organisms are not limited to the respiratory tract, but also include the gastrointestinal tract. Pollutants are likely to influence the intestinal microbiota and promote the progression of cardiovascular disease.

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Influence of the microbiota on host physiology – moving beyond the gut

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function

Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function

The Formation of Glycan-Specific Natural Antibodies Repertoire in GalT-KO Mice Is Determined by Gut Microbiota

Exposure to atmospheric pollutants is associated with alterations of gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats

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