“…In order to better understand the influence of the density variation on the plume propagation, a large number of laboratory experiments have investigated miscible fluid displacements. Globally, these experiments carried out in vertical column (1D) or in flow containers (2 or 3D) have concentrated on the spatial extension of the mixing zone and/or on plume stability [2,4,10,12,17,21,22,25,26,28,[30][31][32]35]. In these laboratory studies, the concentration distribution inside the mixing zone was generally measured by electric conductivity [2,4,10,12,17,26,32], by flow visualization [25,28,31,35] or by dual-energy gamma radiation techniques [22].…”