Influence of the Hardener on the Emission of Harmful Substances from Moulding Sands with Furan Resin in the Pyrolysis Process

Holtzer, M.; Kmita, Angelika; Żymankowska-Kumon, S.; Bobrowski, Andrzej; Dańko, R.

doi:10.1515/afe-2016-0012

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…When phosphoric acid (V) was applied as a hardener, the HAPs emission was app. 3 mg/kg of sand, while it was 10 mg/kg when PTS acid was applied [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under the influence of the high temperatures of liquid metal, there is a hazard of emitting dangerous substances from a mould: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) groups [ 1 ]. The gas evolution performance of the mould is a very important index, which is directly related to the quality of casting [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The main reason for testing the emission of compounds from the BTEX or PAHs group is that some of these compounds show carcinogenic and/or mutagenic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gas evolution performance of the mould is a very important index, which is directly related to the quality of casting [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reactions occurring in the mould can then be compared to the so-called “flash pyrolysis” [ 3 , 4 , 10 , 13 , 17 ]. As time goes by, the heat front shifts from the casting deep into the mould (this process can be called “slow pyrolysis”), causing a further destruction of the polymer binder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions

et al. 2021

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The assessment of the harmfulness of moulding and core sands is mainly based on investigations of compositions of gases emitted by liquid casting alloys during the mould pouring. The results of investigations of moulding sands obtained under industrial conditions are presented in this paper. A unique research stand was designed and built for this aim. It allowed us to determine emissions of gases at individual stages of casting a mass up to 50 kg. This approach enables simulation of foundry conditions. Moulding sands bound by organic binders (phenol-formaldehyde; furan), inorganic binders and green sand, were subjected to investigations. The composition of gases that evolved during the individual stages, pouring, cooling and knocking out, was tested each time, and the contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BETX) were analysed. Investigations indicated that the emission of gases from sands with inorganic binders is negligible when compared with the emission of gases from sands with organic binders. The emission of gases from green sand is placed in the middle of the scale. As an example: the sand with furan resin emitted 84 mg of BTEX (in recalculation for 1 kg of sand) while from sands with inorganic binders there was a maximum of 2.2 mg (for 1 kg of sand). In the case of sands with inorganic binders, MI and MC sands indicated comparable and very low emissions of gases from the PAHs group, at the level of 0.018 mg and 0.019 mg for 1 kg of sand, respectively. The higher emission of PAHs from MG sand is the result of its different way of hardening (a binder was of an organic character) than of sands MI and MC.

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“…When phosphoric acid (V) was applied as a hardener, the HAPs emission was app. 3 mg/kg of sand, while it was 10 mg/kg when PTS acid was applied [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gas evolution performance of the mould is a very important index, which is directly related to the quality of casting [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions

et al. 2021

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“…17 Research work proved that furan resins containing lower than 20% of furfuryl-alcohol provide strongly decreased strength and hot distortion properties to the sand cores. 17 On the other hand, experiments 18,19 showed that the main source of emission gases during the application of sand cores produced with furan and phenolic no-bake processes is mostly derived from the acid catalysts. Because of that, binder manufacturers are forced to develop such binder systems that are characterized by low emissions during the mixing and pouring process while they are providing optimal performance to the sand mixtures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Acid Hardener on the Strength and Hot-Distortion Properties of No-Bake Sand Cores

2021

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In this research work, the effects of different amounts of acid hardener (30%, 40%, 60%, 80% weighted to the resin) on the hardening characteristics and hot-distortion properties of no-bake furan and no-bake phenolic bonded sand cores were studied. Bending tests were conducted on test bars with storage times of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 24h. Hot-distortion tests were carried out on specimens with storage times of 4h and 24h. The bending tests revealed that in the case of the furan binder system, the acid hardener is best utilized in terms of higher bending strength, in an amount of 40–60%, while in the case of the phenolic binder system, the amount of 60–80% acid hardener resulted in higher bending strength of the sand specimens. Too low (30%) acid hardener (catalyst) level produced low bending strength. Too high (80%) amount of acid hardener decreased the strength of the no-bake furan sand samples, and as can be seen from the SEM analysis, it damaged the binder bridges between the sand grains. The hot-distortion tests showed that there is a correlation between the catalyst content and the max. Deformation of the samples both in the furan and in the phenolic no-bake sand cores, which can be described with a maximum curve. Increasing the acid hardener changes the thermoplastic behavior of the phenolic resin, thus the binder bridges become more rigid and brittle. The acid hardener above 40% decreased the thermal stability of the furan and phenolic bonded test pieces. The research work also revealed significant differences between the specimens made with furan and phenolic binder and the effect of the storage time in terms of the bending strength and hot-distortion properties.

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Synthetic Resins

Holtzer¹,

Kmita²

2020

Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology

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Influence of the Hardener on the Emission of Harmful Substances from Moulding Sands with Furan Resin in the Pyrolysis Process

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions

Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions

The Influence of Acid Hardener on the Strength and Hot-Distortion Properties of No-Bake Sand Cores

Synthetic Resins

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