Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. II. Studies in vivo

Dierick, Noël; Vervaeke, I. J.; Decuypere, Jaak; Henderickx, H. K.

doi:10.1016/0301-6226(86)90006-0

Cited by 61 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The small intestine is extensively colonized by microorganisms, and the presence of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ileal digesa has been established (Sambrook 199;Jensen 1988). Depending on the physiological state of an animal and on the nature of its food, microbial activity in the upper digestive tract can be substantial and ofconsiderable nutritional significance (Dierick et al 1986;Jensen et al 1987;Jensen 1988). Soluble dietary fibre causes an increase in microbial activity (Graham et al 1986a …”

Section: Circadian Variation In Ph Of Lleal Digestamentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of microbial phytase in diets for pigs on apparent ileal and faecal digestibility, pH and flow of digesta measurements in growing pigs fed a high-fibre diet

Bruce¹,

Sundstøl²

1995

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Section: Circadian Variation In Ph Of Lleal Digestamentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of microbial phytase in diets for pigs on apparent ileal and faecal digestibility, pH and flow of digesta measurements in growing pigs fed a high-fibre diet

Bruce¹,

Sundstøl²

1995

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Hovewer, the iclusion of subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in diets has been shown to improve growth performance (Yen et al, 1987) and reduce intestinal bacterial ammonia production (Yen et al, 1990) in swine. Bacterial primary amine production and amino acid absorption efficiency (Dierick et al, 1986) and the level of lumenal adenosine triphosphate presumed to be of bacterial origin (Jensen, 1988) were also altered with the use of antibiotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of bacterial amino acid contribution to ileal digesta from pigs using <sup>35</sup>S and DAPA marker techniques

Dugan¹,

Sauer²,

Dugan³

et al. 1994

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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A study was conducted using two duodenal and ileal cannulated, 45 kg gilts, to determine the bacterial amino acid contribution to amino acids in ileal digesta by using 35 S and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) as bacterial protein markers. Both the 35 S and DAPA marker techniques are based on the assumption that a representative purified bacterial pellet is collected from ileal digesta samples. The 35 S technique was modified from previous methods by isolating a specific methionine sulphone marker fraction. However, results from the 35 S-methionine sulphone marker technique exceeded sensible physiological estimates (mean of 190.6%) of the bacterial amino acid contribution to ileal digesta amino acids. Whereas, the mean bacterial amino acid contribution to ileal digesta was 29.4% when determined using the DAPA marker technique. The values determined by DAPA are within the 20 to 34% range of values that have been reported for pigs fed cereal based diets. The amino acid composition was different (P^0.05) between bacteria and undigested non-bacterial residues for isoleucine, aspartic acid, glycine, cysteine and tyrosine. The high concentration of glycine in non-bacterial residues relative to other amino acids measured and the corresponding low concentration in bacterial samples suggests that the bacterial pellet fraction was free of contamination. It was therefore concluded, that further research into determining the bacterial contribution to amino acids in ileal digesta is warranted.

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“…Izquierdo et al, 1988;Chung and Baker, 1992). However, microbial degradation in the small intestine may negatively affect its bioavailability (Dierick et al, 1986;Van der Meulen et al, 1998;Bikker et al, 2006;Dai et al, 2012). Once absorbed, L-threonine is used in the body for tissue protein synthesis; mucin production in the gut; collagen, elastin and tooth enamel formation; and as a precursor for glycine and for propionic acid.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of L‐threonine produced by Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐10942) for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Ajinomoto Eurolysine SAS

Feed¹

2013

EFS2

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The product L-threonine, technically pure, is an essential amino acid that contains by specification ≥ 98 % Lthreonine. It is produced by a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was detectable in the final product. The final product does not raise safety concerns with regard to the genetic modification. L-Threonine, technically pure, is considered safe for the target animals when used to meet the requirements. The toxicological studies, including mutagenicity tests, performed with the additive or other sources of L-threonine did not reveal any toxic effect. Since the composition of tissues and products of animal origin will not be changed by the use of L-threonine in animal nutrition, and considering the high purity of the product under assessment, no risks are expected for the consumer from the use of L-threonine, technically pure, as a feed additive. The product is not irritating to the skin or eyes and is not likely to be a skin sensitiser. Although there is a potential for user exposure by inhalation, there is no evidence of acute toxicity by the inhalation route. The use of the product as a feed additive does not represent a risk to the environment. LThreonine, technically pure, is considered as an efficacious source of L-threonine for all animal species. Response in ruminants requires some degree of protection of threonine from ruminal degradation. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product L-threonine, technically pure, for all animal species.Threonine is an essential amino acid, considered as the second limiting amino acid in pig feed and probably as the third limiting in poultry feed. Supplementing feedingstuffs with free threonine would ensure that the animal requirements for that amino acid are met.The product L-threonine, technically pure, contains by specification ≥ 98 % L-threonine. It is produced by a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain.Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was detectable in the final product. The final product does not raise safety concerns with regard to the genetic modification.L-Threonine, technically pure, is considered safe for the target animals when used to meet the requirements.The toxicological studies, including mutagenicity tests, performed with the additive or other sources of L-threonine did not reveal any toxic effect. Since the composition of tissues and products of animal origin will not be changed by the use of L-threonine in animal nutrition, and considering the high purity of the product under assessment, no risks are expected for the consumer from the use of Lthreonine, technically pure, as a feed additive.The product is not irritating to the skin or eyes and is not likely to be a skin sensitiser. Although there is a potential for user exposure by inhalation, there is no evidence of acute tox...

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Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. II. Studies in vivo

Cited by 61 publications

References 30 publications

The effect of microbial phytase in diets for pigs on apparent ileal and faecal digestibility, pH and flow of digesta measurements in growing pigs fed a high-fibre diet

The effect of microbial phytase in diets for pigs on apparent ileal and faecal digestibility, pH and flow of digesta measurements in growing pigs fed a high-fibre diet

Determination of bacterial amino acid contribution to ileal digesta from pigs using <sup>35</sup>S and DAPA marker techniques

Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of L‐threonine produced by Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐10942) for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Ajinomoto Eurolysine SAS

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