Influence of the clay modification and compatibilizer on the structure and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/montmorillonite composites

Zheng, Hua; Zhang, Yong; Peng, Zonglin; Zhang, Yinxi

doi:10.1002/app.13560

Cited by 93 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…When PA6/PP matrix, OMMT, and PP-g-MA were mixed together, PP-g-MA could easily penetrate the interlayer of organoclay. The driving force for intercalation originates from the strong hydrogen bonding between maleic anhydride groups in PP-g-MA and amine groups in organoclay and leads to the expansion of interlayer spacing and a further weakening of interactions between the silicate layers [12]. This facilitates the intercalation of PA6 chains into silicate galleries and resulted in the formation of the exfoliated structure as confirmed by XRD results earlier.…”

Section: Temsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Below 100°C, MMT exhibits a relatively higher weight loss than OMMT corresponding to the removal of water from interlayer coordinated to Na + . At this temperature, the weight loss for OMMT is lower because of the organophilic properties of OMMT containing alkyl ammonium ions [12]. The weight loss observed at 100-600°C for MMT may be attributed to the decomposition of hydrogen-bonded water molecules and some of the OH group from tetrahedral sheets [16].…”

Section: Temmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This leads the expansion of interlayer spacing and further weakening of the interaction between the silicate layers. Furthermore, it will facilitate the intercalation of polymer matrix chains into the silicate galleries and results in the formation of the exfoliated structure [12].…”

Section: Characterization and Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancement of properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites via organic modification and compatibilization

Kusmono¹,

Ishak²,

Chow³

et al. 2008

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Nanocomposites based on polyamide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP = 70/30) blend containing organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) and maleated polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as compatibilizer were prepared by melt compounding followed by injection molding. Modification of montmorillonite (MMT) with dodecyalmine was successfully performed. The morphological and mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat distortion temperature (HDT). XRD and TEM results indicated that the intercalated structure was obtained for PA6/PP/MMT composite, a mixture of intercalated and exfoliated structures for PA6/PP/OMMT nanocomposite, and exfoliated structure for PP-g-MA compatibilized PA6/PP/OMMT nancomposite. Thermal stability and HDT of PA6/PP matrix were improved by the addition of both MMT and OMMT. The introduction of PP-g-MA into the PA6/PP/OMMT nanocomposite enhanced the properties such as stiffness, strength, ductility, impact strength, and HDT. This was attributed to the compatibilizing effect of PP-g-MA which improved interfacial adhesion between OMMT with PA6/PP matrix and also promoted the degree of exfoliation of silicate layers in the PA6/PP matrix.

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Section: Temsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Temmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Enhancement of properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites via organic modification and compatibilization

Kusmono¹,

Ishak²,

Chow³

et al. 2008

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…For nonpolar saturated EPDM matrix, the functional oligomers, with polar telechelic groups as a compatibilizer, e.g., EPDM grafted by maleic anhydride [9][10][11] or glycidyl methacrylate, 12 were used to improve the interfacial interaction. In addition, there are hydroxyl groups 13,14 on the surface of clay layer, carboxylic acids have been used to intercalate into clay gallery to modify the clay.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Stearic Acid in Preparing EPDM/Clay Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding

Zhang

et al. 2006

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:EPDM/organic clay (OC) nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. XRD results showed that if OC mixed with EPDM matrix, macromolecule chains are difficult to intercalate into the layers while stearic acid (SA) could easily intercalate into the OC interlayers under pretreating conditions (S-OC) and expand the interlayer spacing 2.6 nm of OC to a wider distance of 3.9 nm; EPDM could not further expand the distance of S-OC during the followed mixing process and the structure SA intercalating into OC is kept. TEM observation showed S-OC improved the dispersion of OC in EPDM, and FT-IR results indicated the esterification reaction occurred between carboxyl groups of SA and hydroxyl groups of OC, which was believed to be the driving force of SA intercalation. The tensile strengths of the nanocomposites are improved with increasing amount of SA, and the stresses at low strain are almost the same, due to the physical interaction between OC and EPDM macromolecules. [doi:10.1295/polymj.PJ2006085] KEY WORDS Organoclay / Rubber / Stearic Acid / Intercalation / Nanocomposites / Since the researchers at Toyota central research laboratories successful prepared PA6/clay nanocomposites for the first time, 1 as a new kind of materials, polymer/clay nanocomposite have caught much attention through the world. Compared with pure materials and traditional composites, polymer/clay nanocomposites exhibit increased modulus and strength, improved heat resistance, outstanding gas barrier properties, and decreased flammability. 2-4For rubbers/layer nanocomposite, there are mainly three kinds of preparation methods: latex, 5 solution 6 and melt compounding. 7Considering industrialization, melt compounding is one of the feasible preparation techniques, in which polymer is directly intercalated into organoclay (OC) in the molten state to prepare nanocomposites. The driving force of the intercalation is determined by physical and/or chemical interactions between polymers and OC.At the same time, as one of the widely used and fast growing synthetic rubbers, Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) finds applications in automotive weather-strapping and seals, radiator, electrical insulation, roofing membrane, tubing, belts, and other general-purpose applications because of its excellent resistance to heat, oxidation, ozone, weathering, and microbial attack, attributed to the stable and saturated polymer backbone structure. 8 This motivated us to develop rubber/clay nanocomposites based on EPDM.For nonpolar saturated EPDM matrix, the functional oligomers, with polar telechelic groups as a compatibilizer, e.g., EPDM grafted by maleic anhydride [9][10][11] or glycidyl methacrylate, 12 were used to improve the interfacial interaction. In addition, there are hydroxyl groups 13,14 on the surface of clay layer, carboxylic acids have been used to intercalate into clay gallery to modify the clay. 1,15 Stearic acid (SA), usually used as a kind of additives for rubber sulfur vulcanization, is an acidic ingredient like maleic anhydride, and c...

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“…After our success, a lot of researchers have started to study in these field and a huge number of research articles have been published. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] We expect that clay-based nanocomposite technology is grown into the universal method for high-performance materials from structural to functional ones extensively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and applications of polyolefin– and rubber–clay nanocomposites

Katô

Usuki

Hasegawa

et al. 2011

Polym J

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A nylon 6-clay hybrid (nanocomposite, NCH) was developed by Toyota CRDL group. In the NCH, the silicate layers of clay mineral are dispersed on a nanometer level and are strongly interacted with the matrix, and then significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the material or the discovery of unexpected new properties were realized. Polypropylene (PP) is the most widely used polymer, and then an appearance of a PP-clay nanocomposite has been desired for a long time. As a PP does not include any polar groups in its backbone, it was thought that the homogeneous dispersion of the silicate layers would not be realized. But we have developed successfully PP-clay nanocomposite using organoclay and modified PP. That is, organophilic clay, PP oligomer carrying polar groups and PP were melt-blended. This is a direct polymer intercalation process for preparing polymer nanocomposites by melt compounding, a useful process from an industrial standpoint. We have also developed successfully other polyolefin polymers (polyethylene), polyolefin rubbers (ethylene-propylene elastomer, ethylene-propylene diene monomer) and nanocomposites by this direct polymer intercalation process or by techniques based on direct polymer intercalation process. These prepared polyolefin nanocomposites exhibit superior mechanical, thermal and gas barrier properties. Polymer Journal (2011) 43, 583-593; doi:10.1038/pj.2011.44; published online 1 June 2011Keywords: clay mineral; nanocomposite; polyolefin; polyolefin rubber INTRODUCTION A nylon 6-clay hybrid (nanocomposite, NCH) has been developed, in which the silicate layers of clay mineral are dispersed on a nanometer level and strongly interact with the matrix. 1-3 Significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the material and the discovery of new properties also have been realized. Polyolefins (such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE)) are the most widely used polymers, and there has been interest in the development of a polyolefin-clay nanocomposite. As polyolefins do not include any polar groups in the backbone, a homogeneous dispersion of silicate layers did not seem to be possible. However, the successful development of a PP-clay nanocomposite using organoclay and modified PP has been achieved. Nanocomposites of clay with various polyolefin polymers and rubbers have been developed. This report provides an overview of preparation methods and properties of polyolefin polymer/rubbers-clay nanocomposites.Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as the clay mineral in this investigation of polyolefin-clay nanocomposites. MMT composed of micro-sized particles formed from stacks of three-layer 'sandwiches' is most widely used. In these sandwiches, a tetrahedral sheet of silicon oxide is on both sides of a central octahedral sheet of aluminum oxide (a 2:1.clay). The plate-shaped layers are 0.96-nm thick and have an average diameter of about 100-500 nm, which represents filler with a significantly large aspect ratio. For comparison, a glass fiber of 13 mm in diameter with a length o...

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Influence of the clay modification and compatibilizer on the structure and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/montmorillonite composites

Cited by 93 publications

References 26 publications

Enhancement of properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites via organic modification and compatibilization

Enhancement of properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites via organic modification and compatibilization

Role of Stearic Acid in Preparing EPDM/Clay Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding

Development and applications of polyolefin– and rubber–clay nanocomposites

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