“…The stall phenomenon usually occurs at low flow conditions in centrifugal pumps (Brennen, 2011). The stall vortex will destroy the flow field uniformity, and in severe cases, it will even trigger blade fracture, which will seriously affect the operational stability of the units (Wang et al, 2021a,b;Luo et al, 2022). The stall frequency is the most critical parameter to describe the stall.…”