“…A shown by formula (6), high breakdown electric field ( E b ), high P max , and low P r are preferred to achieve high energy storage density. To improve the dielectric breakdown strength of ferroelectric materials, the common strategies are: (1) reduce the sample thickness and electrode area [ 55 , 56 ]; (2) increase the density of the material [ 57 ]; (3) increase the width of the material forbidden band [ 58 ]; (4) increase the insulation of the material [ 59 , 60 ]; (5) implant dead layer [ 61 , 62 ]; (6) anneal in oxygen [ 63 , 64 ], and so on. Although these methods are very effective for systems that do not contain volatile elements such as BaTiO 3 , but for some systems rich in volatile elements, such as Bi, Pb, Na, K for example BiFeO 3 , PbZrO 3 , Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 , Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 , etc.…”