Influence of Swimming Training Session on Selected Saliva Components in Youth Swimmers

Abstract

Exercise may induce many changes in biochemical parameters of the saliva. Thanks to non-invasive access, saliva can be used as a diagnostic material in physical activity monitoring. The aim of the study was comparison of selected salivary components in swimmers before and after training session. 40 male subjects aged 12–15, out of whom 30 were competitive swimmers and 10 control were involved in the study. Salivary samples were collected from all subjects in the morning, and in the afternoon; from the swimmers, they were also collected before and after the workout. Salivary flow rate-V, pH, total protein-P, alpha-amylase-Amy, salivary peroxidase-SPO, cortisol-C, total antioxidant status-TAS, sialic acid (free-FSA, bound-GSA, total-TSA), calcium-Ca, magnesium-Mg were measured. The swimmers assessed the workout intensity of training session using the RPE Foster’s scale. The circadian rhythm pattern of some salivary components and differences after training were found. In swimmers after the morning exercise significant increase of P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.10 ± 0.58 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 87.07 ± 92.46IU/L), Ca (3.83 ± 1.33 vs. 4.99 ± 2.24 mg/L), Mg (0.52 ± 0.32 vs. 0.73 ± 0.34 mg/L), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.72 ± 0.26 mmol/L) and decrease V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.36 ± 0.22 mg/min), C (5.86 ± 5.00 vs. 3.54 ± 5.07 μg/ml) were found. After the afternoon training significant increase of pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.27 ± 0.24), Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 130.91 ± 161.14IU/L), Ca (3.72 ± 1.34 vs. 4.61 ± 1.58 mg/L), Mg (0.48 ± 0.28 vs. 0.60 ± 0.39 mg/L), TSA (5.64 ± 3.78 vs. 6.10 ± 3.08 mg/L), GSA (3.00 ± 3.06 vs. 3.38 ± 2.26 mg/L), and decrease of V (0.63 ± 0.63 vs. 0.49 ± 0.39 ml/min) were noticed. Before training in the morning in the swimmers significantly higher of V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.26 ± 0.15 mg/min), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.40 ± 0.16 mmol/L), and lower pH (7.01 ± 0.46 vs. 7.53 ± 0.33), P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.86 ± 1.28 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 146.56 ± 114.45IU/L) compared to the control were found. In the afternoon in swimmers before training session significantly lower pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.53 ± 0.49) and Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 170.98 ± 107.72IU/L) in comparison to the control were noticed. The RPE scores were negatively correlated with V (rho = −0.500, p = 0.05 and pH (rho = −0.382, p = 0.03) measured after the morning session and after the afternoon training with V (rho = −0.570, p = 0.01) and Ca (rho = −0.401, p = 0.08). The levels of salivary flow rate, alpha amylase, cortisol, calcium, magnesium were associated with swimming training session, and showed circadian variation without a significant effect on their responses to exercise.

Monitoring Salivary Sialic Acid and Sialidase Activity to Assess Oral Health Status: Results of a Single Site Double-Blind Study

“…Correspondingly, in a study with a larger number of subjects, Ancy et al (2021) reported the lowest levels of SA amongst healthy subjects with no significant effects of age or gender on these outcomes [14]. Other reports indicate the lack of an association between salivary SA among other groups of subjects evaluated after swimming representing physical exertion [21] or children with Down's syndrome [22].…”

“…Available in the literature are several previous reports examining SA and sialidase in the saliva and blood samples amongst patients of different ages [11][12][13] including those stratified by their health status [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. These studies have utilized several analytical approaches for SA analysis [12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Whereas these previous investigations report salivary SA levels, the results are from one sampling event and do not report evaluations over time.…”

Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat

“…Yasuda et al ( 55 ) found that 11 male cyclists had increased sAA activity after exercising at 60% of peak oxygen uptake in a thermoneutral environment. Another study showed increased sAA activity in adolescent swimmers after swimming lessons ( 56 ). Gill et al ( 53 ) also found that 23 ultra-endurance runners had increased sAA activity after a 230-km multi-stage ultramarathon in hot environmental conditions (32– 40°C).…”

Bioluminescent-Triple-Enzyme-Based Biosensor with Lactate Dehydrogenase for Non-Invasive Training Load Monitoring

“…To satisfying the demand for non-invasive sensors, other body liquids should be involved in monitoring training load in athletes. Among all biological liquids for monitoring training load, saliva seems to be one of the most important diagnostic materials for tools in medical sciences [6][7][8]. One of the significant features of saliva is that the lactate concentration shows a good correlation between blood and saliva [9].…”

“…One of the significant features of saliva is that the lactate concentration shows a good correlation between blood and saliva [9]. At the same time, despite the attempts to find alternative saliva biomarkers attributed to exercise training, lactate is still an important issue in clinical diagnosis and sports medicine [6,10].…”