Influence of Strain During Cooling on the Sensitization of Type 304 Stainless Steel

Solomon, H. D.; Lord, D. C.

doi:10.5006/0010-9312-36.8.395

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Several studies have shown that the kinetics of sensitization can be influenced by prior deformation (Briant & Ritter, 1981;Cihal & Kubelker, 1975;Clarke & Gordon, 1973;Mannan, Dayal, Vijayalakshmi, & Parvathavarthini, 1984;Pednekar & Smialowska, 1980;Povich & Broecker, 1979;Solomon, 1980;Solomon & Lord, 1980;Tedmon, Vermilyea, & Broecker, 1971). Cold work has been reported to increase the sensitization kinetics at moderate cold work levels (5-15%) and decrease the kinetics at higher levels of cold work.…”

Section: Cold Workmentioning

confidence: 94%

Electrochemical techniques for estimating the degree of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels

Parvathavarthini

Mudali

2014

Corrosion Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The thermal exposure of austenitic stainless steels in the temperature range of 500°C-800°C results in the precipitation of chromium-rich M 23 C 6 carbides along the grain boundaries and concomitant chromium depletion. When chromium level falls below 12% at such depleted zones, the material is said to be sensitized. When the sensitized material is exposed to corrosive media, intergranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking take place. ASTM standard A262-13 is available for detecting the susceptibility to IGC. However, the extent of chromium depletion of shop-fabricated or field-constructed components is required to determine the presence or absence of sensitization for critical applications. In this review, various electrochemical techniques that can be employed to assess the degree of sensitization (DOS) in austenitic stainless steels are critically reviewed. Techniques such as electrochemical potentiokinetic and potentiostatic reactivation with recent modifications for the accurate estimation of the DOS are analyzed. The possibility of using AC impedance technique and electrochemical noise technique for assessing the DOS is also presented. The merits and demerits of each technique and areas where further research should be focused are presented in this review.

show abstract

Section: Cold Workmentioning

confidence: 94%

Electrochemical techniques for estimating the degree of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels

Parvathavarthini

Mudali

2014

Corrosion Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In another study on the effect of strain generated during cooling (simulated to weldinduced sensitization) on sensitization, they showed that strain as low as 5% (if single heating and cooling cycle is used) and ~0.8% per cycle (if multiple heating and cooling cycles are used) could enhance the sensitization. 20 Briant and coworkers 21,24 showed that prior deformation alone (without introducing martensite, such as in AISI 316 SS) increases the kinetic of sensitization only at temperatures where undeformed SS readily sensitized. However, AISI 304 SS, which contained deformation-induced martensite, experienced rapid sensitization at <600°C and produced rapid healing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sensitization has been shown to be affected by the variables like prior deformation, deformation-induced martensite, grain size, and grain boundary orientation. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Solomon 18 showed that the prior deformation of AISI 304 SS containing different amounts of carbon contents increased the cooling rate for sensitization by a factor >7, compared to the cooling rate measured for an annealed specimen. In another study on the effect of strain generated during cooling (simulated to weldinduced sensitization) on sensitization, they showed that strain as low as 5% (if single heating and cooling cycle is used) and ~0.8% per cycle (if multiple heating and cooling cycles are used) could enhance the sensitization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Classical sensitization results from the nucleation and growth of chromium carbide along grain boundaries (in solution-annealed SS and nickel alloys) with simultaneous depletion of chromium in adjacent grain boundary regions. The extent of chromium depletion in near grain boundary regions is limited by the equilibrium concentration of chromium at the carbide-matrix interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitization of prior cold-deformed SS is of relevance to thermo-mechanical processing, which is more complex than the sensitization of simple solution-annealed materials. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Therefore, the DOS of such a complexed material's state is more diffi cult to correlate to IGSCC. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]59 Recent efforts in this direction have attempted such an objective utilizing the U-bend test in boiling MgCl 2 solution, 31 where steels were sensitized at 670°C for short durations (up to 1 h); although making U-bend specimens from plates of different thicknesses may be ambiguous because other variables are affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Cold Deformation Prior to Sensitization on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel

Singh¹,

Swaminathan²,

Das³

et al. 2005

CORROSION

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of deformation, prior to sensitization, on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) were studied on the AISI 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel (SS). The degree of sensitization (DOS) was quantifi ed by the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The susceptibility to IGSCC was investigated by the slow strain rate test (SSRT) carried out in polythionic acid (PTA) solutions. The results were complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. Deformation was found to accelerate sensitization, and a peak in sensitization vs. deformation was always observed. This peak was found to shift toward lower deformations with an increase in sensitization temperature. At 700°C, prior deformation is able to desensitize or heal the SS after 24 h. IGSCC was observed in AISI 304 SS after some treatments. No one-to-one correspondence was observed between IGSCC and DOS; this could be explained by the fact that the DOS measured by the DL-EPR indicates the depleted regions below ~15% Cr, whereas IGSCC depends on the availability of continuous grain boundary paths that are chromium-depleted, along with strain rate and environment (pH, temperature, etc.). Deformation prior to sensitization causes carbide formation and chromium depletion to occur near dislocations within the grain interiors, in addition to along grain boundaries. The DOS does not differentiate between these interior regions and the grain boundary regions, and shows a total value accounted for chromium depletion. However, IGSCC occurs only when there is chromium depletion along grain boundaries and therefore these intragrain regions further reduce the correlation between the DOS and IGSCC susceptibility. Deformation close to or beyond 60% was found to prevent IGSCC of AISI 304 SS, irrespective of the sensitization temperature or DOS value.

show abstract

Concerning embrittlement of welded joints of 12Kh18N1OT steel

Yushchenko¹,

Savchenko²,

Morozova³

et al. 1987

Strength Mater

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influence of Strain During Cooling on the Sensitization of Type 304 Stainless Steel

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Electrochemical techniques for estimating the degree of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels

Electrochemical techniques for estimating the degree of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels

Effects of Cold Deformation Prior to Sensitization on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel

Concerning embrittlement of welded joints of 12Kh18N1OT steel

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About