“…A great many combinations of near‐Earth interplanetary parameters (so‐called coupling functions ) have been proposed over many years to describe the transfer of energy, and/or mass, and/or momentum, and/or electric field from the solar wind into the Earth's magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system (e.g., Balikhin et al, ; Bargatze et al, , ; Borovsky, ; Burton et al, ; Crooker et al, ; Feynman & Crooker, ; Kan & Lee, ; McPherron et al, , ; Murayama, ; Newell et al, ; Papitashvili et al, ; Perreault & Akasofu, ; Reiff et al, ; Scurry & Russell, ; Spencer et al, ; Temerin & Li, , ; Tenfjord & Ostgaard, ; Vassiliadis et al, ; Vasyliunas et al, ; Wing & Sibeck, ; Wu & Lundstedt, ; Wygant et al, ). These are derived and tested by comparison with terrestrial space weather disturbance indices (sometimes in combination), which respond to the energy, mass, electric field, and/or momentum input to the magnetosphere from the solar wind (in a combination thereof that depends on which terrestrial index is used).…”