Influence of Soaking Time and Sodium Hydroxide Concentration on the Chemical Composition of Treated Mango Seed Shell Flour for Composite Application

Abstract

Lignin and hemicelluloses are the major impurities to be removed in natural fibers for it to be suitable in composite application and other uses. This research is based on evaluating the influence of soaking time and sodium hydroxide concentration on the chemical composition of treated mango seed shell (MSSF) by immersing the MSSF in NaOH solution at concentration of 2.5 -7.5 wt % and soaking time of 2-6 hr, in order to decrease the lignin and hemicellulose content while increasing its cellulose content. The optimum conditions obtained for concentration and soaking time of NaOH were 6.09 % and 5.22 hr, respectively. At these conditions, cellulose content was increased to 94.8002%, while the hemicelluloses and lignin content were reduced to 2.2779% and 0.508502%, respectively. The process parameter of MSSF was optimized using central composite design (CCD) to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content. The quadratic model of response surface model (RSM) was adopted for the prediction of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content. The maximum error between the predicted using CCD and experimental results was less 0.38%. These errors in variation for both the predicted by the RSM and the actual gave good alignment with both results. Therefore, at these treatment conditions, MSSF can be utilized for composite application and other industrial purpose.

Effect of Particle Size and Filler Content on Mechanical Properties of Avocado Wood Flour-Low Density Polyethylene Composite

“…This is a confirmation of the model fitness. The results were previously reported (Myers et al, 2002;Myers, 2004;Montgomery, 2001;Government et al, 2018(a); Government et al, 2019(b); Kandar & Akil, 2016;Rostamiyan et al, 2014: Government et al, 2022. This is a clear evidence for the models prediction of the properties of the composite.…”

“…Government et al, 2018(a-b). The trend has been reported previously (Soury et al, 2009;Hadi, 2011;Patpen et al, 2015;Government et al,, 2021(a); Government et al, 2022;Homkhiew et al, 2014;; Government et al, 2019(b-e); Peng et al, 2015;Rostamiyan, et al 2015(b)). The Eq.6-9 stated the models for prediction of VE, VFS, VFM and VIM using RSM and the results of the ANOVA presented in Tables a to 3d Analysis of predicted and actual plots: Figure 1 presents actual and predicted plots of the mechanical properties of AWF-LDPE composite.…”

“…In this modern time, there is an increase in application of additive made from wood source as filler in polymer industry for composite production (Supri and Lim, 2009;Obasi, 2012;Dungani et al, 2016;Obasi, 2015;; Government et al, 2019(b-e); Government et al, 2018(a-b); Government et al, 2021(a-b)). The simple reason is due to the advantages of low cost, light weight, readily availability, high specific properties and easy to process (Blezki and Gassan, 1999;Ochi, 2008;Kannappan and Dhuri, 2012;Atuanya et al, 2014;Obasi, 2015;; Government et al, 2019(b-e); Yakubu et al, 2013). Therefore, the need to hunt more filler in composite application is paramount for new engineering materials (Bawon et al, 2019;Yakubu et al, 2013;Orji and McDonald, 2020;Rajak et al, 2019;Sood and Dwivedi, 2018).…”

Optimizing the Cellulose Content of Shea Butter Bark Wood Fibre through Alkali Pretreatment for Composite Application

“…The de-lignification and reducing some extra constituents of SBBWF such as hemicelluloses and soluble material are essential for its capacity to enhance the cellulosic content for effective application in multiple purposes [21][22]. Therefore, the need for pretreatment of SBBWF is the remedy for reduction of ineffective components.…”

“…In addition, subjecting the fiber through the passage of oxygen gas or in aqueous hydrogen peroxide is another method for activation of cellulosic percentage. Moreover, the simplest method presumes for surface modification of SBBWF is alkalization [22]. Alkalization is the immersion of the SBBWF in a basic solution for the improvement of roughness and cellulose percentage of the fiber.…”