Influence of smoking on the development of lung metastases from breast cancer

Scanlon, Edward F.; Suh, Okhee; Murthy, Satya; Mettlin, Curtis; Reid, Stephen E.; Cummings, K. Michael

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950601)75:11<2693::aid-cncr2820751109>3.0.co;2-e

Cited by 55 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Manjer et al found that the relative risk of death from breast cancer was 2.14 (95% CI = 1.47-3.10) in current smokers, after adjustment for age and stage and other potential confounders [29]. Scanlon et al found that, after adjustment for age, stage, and body weight, those with more than 20,000 packs over their lifetime had a relative risk of lung metastases of 3.73 (95% CI = 1.6-8.9) compared to non-smokers [30]. Fentiman et al found in women with stage I-II breast cancer that, after age and stage, smoking was the most important predictor of breast cancer specific and overall survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and risk of breast cancer in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 aged less than 50 years

Whittemore

John

Felberg

et al. 2007

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Background-Cigarette smoke contains compounds that may damage DNA, and the repair of damage may be impaired in women with germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. However, the effect of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk in mutation carriers is the subject of conflicting reports. We have examined the relation between smoking and breast cancer risk in non-Hispanic white women under the age of 50 years who carry a deleterious mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.Methods-We conducted a case-control study using data from carriers of mutations in BRCA1 (195 cases and 302 controls) and BRCA2 (128 cases and 179 controls). Personal information, including smoking history, was collected using a common structured questionnaire by eight recruitment sites in four countries. Odds-ratios (OR) for breast cancer risk according to smoking were adjusted for age, family history, parity, alcohol use, and recruitment site. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptResults-Compared to non-smokers, the OR for risk of breast cancer for women with five or more pack-years of smoking was 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.6-3.5) for BRCA1 carriers and 2.6 (1.8-3.9) for BRCA2 carriers. Risk increased 7% per pack-year (p < 0.001) in both groups. The epidemiological evidence on the association of smoking with risk of breast cancer is contradictory. Terry and Rohan in 2002 reviewed the published evidence and concluded that smoking probably did not decrease, and may increase, risk of breast cancer [6]. A combined re-analysis of 53 epidemiological studies, however, did not show smoking to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer after alcohol use was taken into account [7]. In a meta-analysis in 2005, Johnson found that both active and passive smoking were associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer [8]. Conclusions-TheseThe biological effects of smoking suggest that genetic variations in acetylation, oxidative damage, and DNA repair, may influence risk of disease. For example, high levels of reactive oxygen species may cause single and double strand breaks. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in the repair of such breaks [9], and mutations in these genes may impair the ability of carriers to repair any defects caused by smoking.Lifetime risks of breast cancer among carriers of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been estimated at 40-80% [10][11][12]. Because 20-60% of carriers live to an advanced age, and do not develop breast cancer, there are likely to be other genetic or environmental factors that modify risk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk in a large number of affected (cases) and unaffected (controls) members of families segregating mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.et al.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and risk of breast cancer in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 aged less than 50 years

Whittemore

John

Felberg

et al. 2007

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…For example, in experimental models, pulmonary inflammation is a risk factor for metastases to the lung (9, 10). Cigarette smoking, a well established cause of pulmonary inflammation (11), has been associated with both breast cancer metastasizing to the lung and increased mortality in observational studies (12–14)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Levels of Urinary PGE-M, a Biomarker of Inflammation, Occur in Association with Obesity, Aging, and Lung Metastases in Patients with Breast Cancer

Morris

Zhou

Milne

et al. 2013

Cancer Prevention Research

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Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) occur in inflamed tissues. To evaluate the potential links between inflammation and breast cancer, levels of urinary prostaglandin E-metabolite (PGE-M), a stable end metabolite of PGE2, were quantified. We enrolled 400 patients with breast cancer: controls with early breast cancer (n=200), lung metastases (n=100) and metastases to other sites (n=100). Patients completed a questionnaire, provided urine and had measurements of height and weight. Urinary PGE-M was quantified by mass spectrometry. Ever smokers with lung metastasis who had not been exposed to NSAIDs had the highest PGE-M levels. PGE-M levels were increased in association with elevated BMI (p<0.001), aging (p<0.001), pack-year smoking history (p=0.02), lung metastases (p=0.02) and recent cytotoxic chemotherapy (p=0.03). Conversely, use of NSAIDs, prototypic inhibitors of COX activity, was associated with reduced PGE-M levels (p<0.001). Based on the current findings, PGE-M is likely to be a useful biomarker for the selection of high risk subgroups to determine the utility of interventions that aim to reduce inflammation and possibly the development and progression of breast cancer, especially in overweight and obese women.

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“…In cross-sectional studies, Daniell et al found that smokers with breast cancer had more and larger lymph node metastases than nonsmokers, after controlling for primary tumor size and other variables. 5,6 A case-control 7 and a retrospective cohort study 8 also found smoking to be associated with an increased risk of developing metastases to the lung. However, these studies could not definitively distinguish lung metastases from primary lung cancers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis

Holmes

Murin

Chen

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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We examined whether a history of smoking is associated with an increased risk of death from any cause or from breast cancer, among women diagnosed with breast cancer. This was a prospective observational study among 5,056 women from the Nurses' Health Study with Stages I-III invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1978 and 2002 and for whom we had information on smoking, and who were followed until January 2002 or death, whichever came first. Subjects were classified as current, former or never smokers based upon smoking status at the biennial questionnaire immediately preceding the breast cancer diagnosis. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, compared with never smokers, women who were current smokers had a 43% increased adjusted relative risk (RR) [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.24-1.65] of death from any cause. A strong linear gradient was observed with the number of cigarettes per day smoked, p-trend <0.0001; the RR (95% CI) for 1-14, 15-24 and 25 or more cigarettes per day was 1.27 (1.01-1.61), 1.30 (1.08-1.57) and 1.79 (1.47-2.19). In contrast, there was no association with current smoking and breast cancer death; the RR (95% CI) was 1.00 (0.83-1.19). Current and past smokers were more likely than never smokers to die from primary lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other lung diseases. We conclude that a history of smoking increased mortality following diagnosis with breast cancer, but did not increase mortality from breast cancer. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: breast neoplasms; survival; smoking; cohort studies; women Although smoking has not been clearly demonstrated to increase the incidence of breast cancer, 1,2 cigarette smoke or its constituents have been found to affect the metastatic propensity of tumor cells, cell adhesiveness and stimulation of angiogenesis.3 In a mouse model of mammary cancer, cigarette smoke exposure was associated with an increase in the total pulmonary metastatic burden.4 Therefore, it is plausible that smoking could increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence and death.Several epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between smoking and the natural history of breast cancer. In cross-sectional studies, Daniell et al. found that smokers with breast cancer had more and larger lymph node metastases than nonsmokers, after controlling for primary tumor size and other variables.5,6 A case-control 7 and a retrospective cohort study 8 also found smoking to be associated with an increased risk of developing metastases to the lung. However, these studies could not definitively distinguish lung metastases from primary lung cancers. Four prospective studies have focused specifically upon the association of smoking and breast cancer survival.9-12 Although a study of 1,774 Danish women with breast cancer showed no association of smoking with survival [relative risk (RR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5 1.05, 0.87-1.26], 12 the other 3 studies all reported an increased risk of total mortality associated with current smoking, 9-11 with RRs for f...

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Influence of smoking on the development of lung metastases from breast cancer

Cited by 55 publications

References 14 publications

Smoking and risk of breast cancer in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 aged less than 50 years

Smoking and risk of breast cancer in carriers of mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 aged less than 50 years

Increased Levels of Urinary PGE-M, a Biomarker of Inflammation, Occur in Association with Obesity, Aging, and Lung Metastases in Patients with Breast Cancer

Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis

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