Influence of short carbon and glass fibers on the curing behavior and accuracy of photopolymers used in stereolithography

Schlotthauer, Tristan; Nolan, Darren; Middendorf, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102005

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, Figure reveals additional aspects of the curing characteristics of the photopolymer resin with a dispersed filler compared to Figure . Specifically, we observe from Figure that when E 0 < 360 mJ/cm 2 , the curing depth increases with increasing filler volume fraction, which agrees with results documented by Schlotthauer et al However, when E 0 > 720 mJ/cm 2 , the curing depth first decreases and then increases with an increasing filler volume fraction. We explain these results by considering the competition between light scattering and light transmission through the translucent filler.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These features result from a convex lens-shaped layer that forms during photopolymer curing and focuses the incoming light into the center. It is sometimes referred to as superlogarithmic behavior, and it is driven by photobleaching and self-focusing. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Griffith and Halloran quantified the relationship between the light penetration depth, curing depth, and VP process parameters for an opaque ceramic filler dispersed in a photopolymer resin. They determined that light scattering increases with increasing filler fraction, which decreases light penetration depth into the photopolymer and, thus, decreases the curing depth. , However, depending on the properties of the photopolymer resin and the filler, other researchers have shown that dispersing filler in the photopolymer resin can both increase (see, e.g., refs − ) and decrease (see, e.g., refs − ) the curing depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Curing Characteristics of a Photopolymer Resin with Dispersed Glass Microspheres in Vat Polymerization 3D Printing

Liang,

Francoeur,

Williams

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The curing characteristics of a photopolymer resin determine the relationship between the vat polymerization (VP) process parameters and the layer thickness, geometric accuracy, and surface roughness of the three-dimensional (3D) printed specimens. Dispersing a filler material into the photopolymer resin to modify the properties of the specimens changes the curing characteristics because the filler scatters, absorbs, and transmits light, which alters the photopolymerization reaction. However, the ability to cure the photopolymer resin with a high filler volume fraction is important to 3D print specimens for specific applications, such as composite and ceramic materials for biological and high-temperature environments. We specifically consider a translucent filler and methodically measure the curing characteristics of a diacrylate/epoxy photopolymer resin with dispersed translucent glass microspheres. Experiments relate the curing depth, degree-of-cure, geometric accuracy, and surface roughness to the exposure dose, filler fraction, and filler size distribution. The curing depth depends on two competing effects: light scattering and light transmission through the translucent filler, and it increases with increasing filler fraction for low exposure dose, which contrasts results documented by others for VP with an opaque filler. Furthermore, the degree-of-cure increases with increasing filler fraction for a constant exposure dose. The geometric accuracy and surface roughness of the 3D printed specimens decrease with increasing exposure dose and filler fraction. This work has implications for VP of photopolymer resins with high filler fraction in the context of manufacturing of engineered materials.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Curing Characteristics of a Photopolymer Resin with Dispersed Glass Microspheres in Vat Polymerization 3D Printing

Liang,

Francoeur,

Williams

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Glass fibers are cured better in pure photopolymer as fiber weight fraction increases. Despite high exposure doses, carbon fiber layer thicknesses are limited 27 . Some experimental investigation has been performed to characterize the compressive strength of nanofiller‐reinforced polymer composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite high exposure doses, carbon fiber layer thicknesses are limited. 27 Some experimental investigation has been performed to characterize the compressive strength of nanofiller-reinforced polymer composites. The MWCNT (multiwall carbon nanotubes) and GnP (graphene) nanofillers were added to epoxy resin to enhance the compressive strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on compressive strength of photopolymer composite fabricated using vat‐photopolymerization additive technique: An experimental and modeling approach

Moharana,

Kumar,

Raj

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Short or nanofillers‐reinforced composites increase the thermo‐mechanical characteristics of additive manufacturing (AM) base materials. Effective outputs were regulated via parametric optimisation and custom production. One of the most used AM method, Vat photopolymerization (VPP), creates complex and geometrically precise photopolymer parts. This study prepares photopolymer composite (PPC) samples with 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 volume percentages of short glass fiber (SGF) using an inter‐stage stirring method in DLP‐based VPP process. An adequate curing time and formable layer thickness were evaluated for the printability performance of SGF‐photopolymer composite. The 4.0% PPC‐sample showed a 20% higher compressive yield strength than pure photopolymer and other volume fractions. The consequences of increased strength values were assessed by the effect of stirring method and the fractography analysis of PPC specimen. The investigation additionally encompassed numerical simulations that employed an innovative technique for constructing and simulating three‐dimensional representative volume elements (RVEs). The RVEs were designed to replicate the experimental outcomes by randomly situating and orienting fillers within the matrix. The study employs the calibrated Three Network (TN) viscoplastic constitutive material model as the matrix property, and the simulation results demonstrate a margin of error of 5%–10% when compared to the experimental findings.Highlights Layer‐wise availability of SGFs through inter‐stage stirring method The exposure time and layer thickness were determined by Jacob's working curve Concept of RVE is used to combine individual SGF layers into a single layer SEM showed that increasing SGF layer resists cracking better than neat matrix Experimental data and numerical simulations are in good agreement

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Innovative polymer‐based composite materials in additive manufacturing: A review of methods, materials, and applications

Wang,

Ding,

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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This review paper delves into the manufacturing methods, material properties, and applications of polymer‐based composites in the field of advanced manufacturing, offering a detailed explanation of their production through various additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and their diverse applications across multiple industries. Polymer‐based composite materials have emerged as crucial elements in AM due to their enhanced properties and design versatility, enabling the creation of components with unprecedented performance characteristics. The paper comprehensively covers the major AM methods employed for composite materials, including fused filament fabrication, Digital Light Processing/Stereolithography, Direct Ink Writing, and Selective Laser Sintering. Each of these methods is explored in terms of its mechanism, suitability for different composite materials, and the resulting material properties. The review also provides an insightful analysis of how these AM techniques are revolutionizing industries such as soft robotics, mechanical, electrical, and biomedical fields. The paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this domain and projecting future trends in the development and application of composite materials in advanced manufacturing. This review aims to offer a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners in the field, highlighting the transformative impact of polymer‐based composites in AM and their growing significance across various sectors.Highlights Comprehensive review and classification of novelties in printing method for polymer based composite material manufacturing. Introduces innovative techniques to create and enhance material properties of composites. Explores interdisciplinary applications in biomedical, electronics, and sensors, demonstrating material versatility. Provides a systematic correlation between manufacturing method, material properties, and applications of novel polymer‐based composites.

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Influence of short carbon and glass fibers on the curing behavior and accuracy of photopolymers used in stereolithography

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Curing Characteristics of a Photopolymer Resin with Dispersed Glass Microspheres in Vat Polymerization 3D Printing

Curing Characteristics of a Photopolymer Resin with Dispersed Glass Microspheres in Vat Polymerization 3D Printing

Effect of glass fiber reinforcement on compressive strength of photopolymer composite fabricated using vat‐photopolymerization additive technique: An experimental and modeling approach

Innovative polymer‐based composite materials in additive manufacturing: A review of methods, materials, and applications

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