Influence of separation properties and processing strategies on product characteristics in continuous fluidized bed spray granulation

Spherical agglomeration of high melting point drugs in water at low temperature by developing a two-step oiling-out mechanism and the design strategy

“…1b). [20][21][22][23] The traditional granulation technology employs high-cost instruments as well as complex and numerous unit operations. Furthermore, the increase in equipment inevitably leads to increased energy consumption and carbon emission.…”

Design of Spherical Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients via a Highly Efficient Strategy: From Screening to Preparation

“…Attention was given to spherical particles because of their high tapped and bulk densities, increased flowability, reduced dustiness, high anticaking property, and improved mechanical performance in tableting over granules of other shapes . In the pharmaceutical field, the main approach to prepare spherical particles is granulation after crystallization, such as high-shear wet granulation, fluid-bed granulation, extrusion spheronization, , spray granulation, and melt granulation, or the spherical crystallization method, including wet spherical agglomeration, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, and spherical growth. − It is worth emphasizing that spherical crystallization is able to combine crystallization and granulation into one unit operation, which highly reduces time and equipment cost, energy consumption, and manual work when compared to granulation after crystallization. However, the spherical crystallization methods mentioned earlier are usually performed with much implementation complexity or limitation in crystal product properties.…”

A two-zone continuum model of heat and mass transfer in Wurster fluidization

“…Such a process configuration has been investigated in former studies of Hampel [1] where a processing strategy is provided to control the fluidized bed mass and, hence, to ensure process stability. This strategy has been later supplemented with a model-based parameter setting [2] by the authors of the present contribution in order to additionally control the average product size. One of the main conclusions of this work is that the mean product size can be manipulated by the spray-tofeed ratio, whereby larger product sizes can be achieved with larger ratios.…”