Influence of school bag loads and carrying methods on body strain among young male students

Chen, Yi-Lang; Nguyen, Hong-Tam; Chen, Yi

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2021.103095

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A large number of previous researches on the topic of carrying a school bag for school-age children have been focused on the identification of risk factors that are related to weight, back curvature, the presence of pain, exhaustion and the appearance of fatigue using statistical indicators. [20][21][22][23][24][25] However, a small number of authors considered that the role of parents in solving this problem is crucial [26][27][28] and that it can significantly contribute to ensuring unhindered growth and development during the child's educational process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parents' knowledge and attitudes when choosing their children's school bag: An introductory study

Laštro¹,

Muftić²,

Ponorac³

et al. 2021

Scripta Medica

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Background/Aim: A school bag is a device whose purpose is to store things that are necessary for a child in performing daily productive activities. The aim of the research was to examine how much parents are informed about the school bag and which specifications are crucial when choosing a school bag for their children. Material and methods: The prospective study included 150 parents of students aged 11 to 12 from Banja Luka. For the purposes of the research, a questionnaire with closed and open questions was used. Results: More than 97 % of the surveyed parents belonged to the age range of 30 to 49 years. The largest number of surveyed parents have had secondary education 44 %, but the number of university-educated parents was also very high 39.3 %. Ninety-six percent of students used a backpack. School bags in 97.4 % of cases were purchased in stores. Only in 10 % of cases, school bags fully meet the basic criteria. In the remaining 90 % of cases, there was an absence of at least one or more desired characteristics. Using the Chi-squared test (ch2 = 245.45; p < 0.001), a significant difference between the desired and the achieved result was statistically proven. 77.3 % of parents did not receive information about the school bag. Salespeople (11.3 %), other parents and friends (9.3 %) were the main source of information before purchasing a school bag. In the future, 54 % of parents would like to get information about the school bag through lectures and practical workshops for children and parents. Conclusion: Greater information enables adequate selection and reduces the possibility of marketing tricks and influences on consumers when choosing the desired product such as a school bag. Parents have an important role to play in ensuring unhindered growth and development during the educational process and in raising children's awareness and supervision of the proper use of the school bag.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parents' knowledge and attitudes when choosing their children's school bag: An introductory study

Laštro¹,

Muftić²,

Ponorac³

et al. 2021

Scripta Medica

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“…The upper thoracic angle (UTA), NF, HF, GA, and VD were then calculated. Because HF and NF are influenced by trunk position, researchers usually measure the trunk angle on the basis of a line from the acromial shelf to the hip [28,29]. However, this measurement method is substantially affected by the shoulder posture, lumbar flexion, and pelvic rotation [30,31].…”

Section: Posture Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this measurement method is substantially affected by the shoulder posture, lumbar flexion, and pelvic rotation [30,31]. Guan et al [32] thus used the UTA for HF and NF Because HF and NF are influenced by trunk position, researchers usually measure the trunk angle on the basis of a line from the acromial shelf to the hip [28,29]. However, this measurement method is substantially affected by the shoulder posture, lumbar flexion, and pelvic rotation [30,31].…”

Section: Posture Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One reason for the high consent rate (79%) may be that people wear masks in public areas during the COVID-19 pandemic and have fewer privacy concerns. Outlier photographs, such as those of users carrying large backpacks, carrying heavier objects (>5% of their body weight [28]), with the smartphone placed on the legs, in abnormal sitting postures, or for whom body landmark identification was difficult, were excluded from the data. The unusual protocol of first taking a photograph and then requesting consent was necessary to avoid observation effects and capture natural posture during smartphone use.…”

Section: Study Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field Study of Postural Characteristics of Standing and Seated Smartphone Use

Chen

Cheng

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Prior investigations have been primarily conducted in a laboratory to examine the effects of the smartphone use on the neck and head positions, whether these results are applicable to actual conditions is still unknown. This field survey thus analyzed the neck flexion (NF), head flexion (HF), gaze angle (GA), and viewing distance (VD) of smartphone users in public areas in Taipei, Taiwan. Six hundred smartphone users (300 men and 300 women) were photographed sagittally in standing, supported sitting, or unsupported sitting postures while using a smartphone. Results showed that women had significantly less NF and HF and shorter VDs than male users. Regardless of gender, higher NF was observed for standing than for sitting. Women had similar NF and HF while sitting supported and unsupported, but both were significantly lower than those while standing. By contrast, male users had higher NF and HF during unsupported sitting than during supported sitting. The NF (45°–50°) was much greater than the recommended maximum safe NF of 15°. Women may be at higher risk of visual strain because of shorter VD.

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“…The large weight of SB on the student's back changes the center of gravity of the body and conditions the adjustment to the posterior load ( 40 ). As the external load increases, the flexion of the torso increases significantly in response to the motor control mechanism to move the combined center of gravity of the body and the bag forward in order to maintain balance ( 21 , 29 , 40 – 43 ). The combination of external load and degree of torso flexion leads to increased pressure on the intervertebral discs ( 44 – 47 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected problem: Influence of school bag on lumbar segment in children

Bajin

Kojić²,

Romanov³

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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Background and ObjectivesSchool bag (SB) load causes significant changes in the height and symmetry of the intervertebral discs at each level of the spine from T12-L1 to L5-S1. This study aims to determine the change in the size of the lumbar segment angle at a particularly critical point L3-L4 of the spine in relation to the load of the average weight of SB in healthy male children (students) at standing and after 2-minute gait.Methods47 boys, aged 12.2 ± 0.92 years, underwent photogrammetric measurements in the sagittal plane in statics and dynamics, walking on a laboratory treadmill. Measurements were repeated with the weight of SB with a constant load of 6,251 kg, which represents 13.78% of the average body weight of our sample. The lumbar angle (LA) connecting the point of the big toe, the lumbar point L3-L4 and the processus spinosus C7 was measured. In gait, LA was measured in the phases of the middle support and the initial contact of the heel.ResultsT-test of paired samples was used to estimate the change in LA at standing from 4.953° and walking phases from 6.295° to 7.332° in relation to the unloaded state, and the value of the effect size (ES) indicates that the impact of SB load is significant.ConclusionsCumulatively, microtraumas caused by SB load significantly affect the increase in intervertebral pressure at the L3-L4 point, which is susceptible to degenerative processes and which can be the cause of lumbar syndrome (LS). Preventive measures are needed in order to lighten SB in this population and introduce up to 10% of students' body weight into the safe zone.

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Influence of school bag loads and carrying methods on body strain among young male students

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Parents' knowledge and attitudes when choosing their children's school bag: An introductory study

Parents' knowledge and attitudes when choosing their children's school bag: An introductory study

Field Study of Postural Characteristics of Standing and Seated Smartphone Use

Neglected problem: Influence of school bag on lumbar segment in children

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