Influence of Sandblasting and Chemical Etching on Titanium 99.2–Dental Porcelain Bond Strength

Abstract

The metal–ceramic interface requires proper surface preparation of both metal and ceramic substrates. This process is complicated by the differences in chemical bonds and physicochemical properties that characterise the two materials. However, adequate bond strength at the interface and phase composition of the titanium-bioceramics system is essential for the durability of dental implants and improving the substrates’ functional properties. In this paper, the authors present the results of a study determining the effect of mechanical and chemical surface treatment (sandblasting and etching) on the strength and quality of the titanium-low-fusing dental porcelain bond. To evaluate the strength of the metal-ceramic interface, the authors performed mechanical tests (three-point bending) according to EN ISO 9693 standard, microscopic observations (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy studies. The results showed that depending on the chemical etching medium used, different bond strength values and failure mechanisms of the metal-ceramic system were observed. The analyzed samples met the requirements of EN ISO 9693 for metal-ceramic systems and received strength values above 25 MPa. Higher joint strength was obtained for the samples after sandblasting and chemical etching compared to the samples subjected only to sandblasting.

Tailoring Ti Grade 2 and TNTZ alloy surfaces in a two-step mechanical–chemical modification

“…In implantology, further modifications of mechanically treated surfaces frequently involve chemical etching [8,52,54,72]. This method not only permits further changes in a material's surface topography; it also results in the removal of contaminations and residues after shot peening [53,72].…”

“…Decreasing peening pressure to 0.2 MPa allowed to limit unfavourable cracking and cavities, which indicates on the high potential of transferring this treatment to the industry. In implantology, further modifications of mechanically treated surfaces frequently involve chemical etching [8,52,54,72]. This method not only permits further changes in a material's surface topography; it also results in the removal of contaminations and residues after shot peening [53,72].…”

“…While both methods provide good biological response [49,50], recent in vivo studies revealed enhanced bone integration of the SLA-modified titanium surface compared with the oxidised samples [47]. The SLA method is one of the hybrid surface modification composed of two steps: (i) mechanical treatment, and (ii) chemical treatment [8,22,[24][25][26]30,33,34,51,52]. These methods are useful for modifying surface features and properties, and both can be easily carried out due to their simplicity and low cost.…”

Effect of Sandblasting Parameters and the Type and Hardness of the Material on the Number of Embedded Al2O3 Grains

“…This procedure increases the strength of the bond with the veneering ceramic by developing the surface and increasing the contact area between the phases [ 2 , 4 ]. Properly produced rough surfaces can support the distribution of stresses by increasing the dissipation of energy during the action of breaking forces on the connection of materials [ 7 ]. During the machining of metal alloys, weakly attached overhangs and alloy flakes produced in the grinding process are also removed, which ensures better surface wettability and better anchoring of deposited coatings [ 8 , 9 ].…”

“…With regard to porcelain firing on machined surfaces, the role of embedded particles is not entirely clear. On the one hand, they develop the treated surface, which can improve the quality of the connection; on the other, they can be places where cracks in ceramics can occur [ 7 , 21 ]. There is a strong likelihood that embedded abrasive grains will react with fired ceramics, which may result in the formation of cracks in the veneering porcelain [ 21 ].…”