Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in Southeast Alaska

Wipfli, Mark S.; Hudson, John; Chaloner, Dominic T.; Caouette, John P.

doi:10.1139/f99-087

Cited by 125 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…assimilate nutrients in marine ecosystems and deposit those nutrients in freshwater ecosystems in the form of gametes, excretions, and carcasses. In turn, the nutrients support resident fish populations (e.g., Bentley et al 2012), aquatic macroinvertebrates (e.g., Wipfli et al 1999), terrestrial vegetation (e.g., Hocking and Reynolds 2011), and terrestrial predators (e.g., Holtgrieve et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic differences in Atlantic salmon phosphorus concentration and its implications for cross ecosystem fluxes

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Nutrient transport across ecosystem boundaries by migratory animals can regulate trophic and biogeochemical dynamics of recipient ecosystems. The magnitude and direction of net nutrient flow between ecosystems is modulated by life history, abundance and biomass, individual behavior, and body element composition of migrating individuals. We tested common assumptions applied to nutrient transport models regarding homeostasis of species' body element composition across space and ontogenetic stage. We quantified whole body phosphorus (P) concentration of three life stages of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from three distinct populations in Newfoundland, Canada, to evaluate the importance of river of origin and life stage as predictors of salmon %P. We found that life stage was a more important predictor of salmon %P than river of origin, and that %P of post-spawn adults migrating downstream to the ocean (i.e., kelts) was more similar to %P of juveniles migrating downstream to the ocean (i.e., smolts) than it was to %P of adults migrating upstream to spawn. We then compared nutrient flux for the three rivers over a 20-year period calculated with body composition values extracted from existing literature and our direct measurements to evaluate how assumptions regarding spatial and ontogenetic homogeneity in salmon %P influenced the observed P fluxes. We demonstrate that assuming equality of kelt %P and adult %P results in an overestimate of net nutrient flux to rivers by Atlantic salmon and the erroneous conclusion that Atlantic salmon populations are unconditional sources of nutrients to their natal watersheds. Instead, Newfoundland's salmon populations are conditional sinks of freshwater P, which is the opposite functional role of Pacific salmon. Our results highlight that a better understanding of intraspecific variation in body element composition of fishes is a prerequisite to determining their role in global biogeochemical cycling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic differences in Atlantic salmon phosphorus concentration and its implications for cross ecosystem fluxes

et al. 2015

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“…As cross-ecosystem subsidies, these MDN fluxes can be crucial resources for sustaining productivity and influencing biodiversity of the recipient ecosystems (Naiman et al 2002) by enhancing trophic pathways in oligotrophic freshwaters (Kline et al 1997). MDN can stimulate autotrophic production in streams, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by decomposing carcasses fuels microbial metabolism, and thereby increases productivity and enhances trophic dynamics (Bilby et al 1996;Wipfli et al 1999). Salmon carcasses are also directly consumed by macroinvertebrates (Kline et al 1997;Minakawa & Gara 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of marine-derived nutrients on stream ecosystem functioning

Zhang

Negishi

Richardson

et al. 2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Energy and nutrient subsidies transported across ecosystem boundaries are increasingly appreciated as key drivers of consumer-resource dynamics. As purveyors of pulsed marine-derived nutrients (MDN), spawning salmon are one such cross-ecosystem subsidy to freshwaters connected to the north Pacific. We examined how salmon carcasses influenced detrital processing in an oligotrophic stream. Experimental manipulations of MDN inputs revealed that salmon carcasses indirectly reduced detrital processing in streams through temporarily decoupling the detrital resource-consumer relationship, in which detrital consumers shifted their diet to the high-nutrient resource, i.e. salmon carcasses. The average decomposition rate of alder leaves with salmon carcass addition was significantly lower than that without the carcass, which was associated with lower abundance and biomass of detritivorous Trichoptera on the carcass-treated leaves. There were generally larger in size Trichopteran detritivores on the carcasses than on leaves. These results imply that cross-boundary MDN subsidies indirectly retard the ecosystem processing of leaf litter within the short term, but may enhance those food-limited detritivorous consumers. Because unproductive freshwaters in the Pacific northwest are highly dependent upon the organic matter inputs from surrounding forests, this novel finding has implications for determining conservation and management strategies of salmon-related aquatic ecosystems, in terms of salmon habitat protection and fisheries exploitation.

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“…As several authors have demonstrated, subsidies (or their exclusion) can lead to trophic cascades and other community-level impacts (e.g., Nakano et al 1999;Sato et al 2016). There are certainly many examples of subsidies boosting production at lower trophic levels that contribute to bottom-up increases at higher trophic levels (e.g., Wallace et al 1999;Wipfli et al 1999). Other considerations of how subsidies might contribute to, or reduce, stability are emerging (e.g., Rosenzweig 1971;Nowlin et al 2007;Jones and Lennon 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several examples of such relations have been published. Wipfli et al (1999) experimentally demonstrated an asymptotic response of algae and freshwater invertebrates to incremental increases of salmon subsidies in experimental channels and a small natural stream in Alaska. Doseresponse relationships at broader spatial and temporal scales would advance our understanding of quantitative subsidy effects on consumers and ecosystems.…”

Section: Alternate Trajectories Of Consumer Population Responses To Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wipfli et al (1998Wipfli et al ( , 1999 demonstrated that biofilm growth and densities of benthic invertebrates were positively related to the amount of salmon carcass added to experimental streams in Alaska. Manipulation of input rates of periodical cicadas to pond mesocosms demonstrated a positive response of biofilms and consumers along the input gradient (Nowlin et al 2007).…”

Section: Quantitative Effects Of Experimental Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Getting quantitative about consequences of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies on recipient consumers

Richardson

Wipfli

2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Most studies of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies have demonstrated positive effects on recipient consumer populations, often with very large effect sizes. However, it is important to move beyond these initial addition-exclusion experiments to consider the quantitative consequences for populations across gradients in the rates and quality of resource inputs. In our introduction to this special issue, we describe at least four potential models that describe functional relationships between subsidy input rates and consumer responses, most of them asymptotic. Here we aim to advance our quantitative understanding of how subsidy inputs influence recipient consumers and their communities. In the papers following, fish were either the recipient consumers or the subsidy as carcasses of anadromous species. Advancing general, predictive models will enable us to further consider what other factors are potentially co-limiting (e.g., nutrients, other population interactions, physical habitat, etc.) and better integrate resource subsidies into consumer-resource, biophysical dynamics models.Résumé : La plupart des études des apports de ressources entre écosystèmes ont démontré des effets positifs sur les populations de consommateurs récepteurs, dont, bien souvent, de très grands effets sur la taille. Il importe toutefois d'aller au-delà de ces expériences initiales d'ajout-exclusion pour examiner les conséquences quantitatives sur les populations le long de gradients du taux et de la qualité des apports de ressources. Dans notre article d'introduction au présent numéro spécial, nous décrivons au moins quatre modèles potentiels qui décrivent les relations fonctionnelles entre les taux d'apports de ressources et les réactions de consommateurs, la plupart étant asymptotiques. Nous tentons ainsi d'accroître la compréhension quantitative de l'influence des apports sur les consommateurs récepteurs et les communautés dont ils font partie. Dans les articles suivants, des poissons représentent soit des consommateurs récepteurs ou des apports, sous forme de carcasses d'espèces anadromes. Le développe-ment de modèles prédictifs généraux permettra d'évaluer quels autres facteurs pourraient être colimitants (p. ex. nutriments, autres interactions de populations, habitat physique) et de mieux intégrer les apports de ressources aux modèles biophysiques de la dynamique consommateurs-ressources. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in Southeast Alaska

Cited by 125 publications

References 24 publications

Ontogenetic differences in Atlantic salmon phosphorus concentration and its implications for cross ecosystem fluxes

Ontogenetic differences in Atlantic salmon phosphorus concentration and its implications for cross ecosystem fluxes

Impacts of marine-derived nutrients on stream ecosystem functioning

Getting quantitative about consequences of cross-ecosystem resource subsidies on recipient consumers

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