Influence of rTMS over the left primary motor cortex on initiation and performance of a simple movement executed with the contralateral arm in healthy volunteers

Lorenzo, Cherubino Di; Tavernese, Emanuela; Lepre, Chiara; Mangone, Massimiliano; Currà, Antonio; Pierelli, Francesco; Santilli, Valter; Paoloni, Marco

doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3318-y

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This finding suggests either that the mechanisms and/or pathways targeted by iTBS are not altered in the aged brain or that plasticity is enhanced in older adults when attention is directed to the digit targeted by the stimulation. Interestingly, the findings of the current study also suggest that strategies implementing iTBS to facilitate plasticity with the goal of enhancing motor function [ 51 , 52 ] are likely to benefit young and older adults comparably. Critically, however, the factors determining an individual's response to iTBS, including the interaction between attention and age, require further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Plasticity Induced by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Bilateral Motor Cortices Is Not Altered in Older Adults

2015

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Numerous studies have reported that plasticity induced in the motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is attenuated in older adults. Those investigations, however, have focused solely on the stimulated hemisphere. Compared to young adults, older adults exhibit more widespread activity across bilateral motor cortices during the performance of unilateral motor tasks, suggesting that the manifestation of plasticity might also be altered. To address this question, twenty young (<35 years old) and older adults (>65 years) underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) whilst attending to the hand targeted by the plasticity-inducing procedure. The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single pulse TMS was used to quantify cortical excitability before and after iTBS. Individual responses to iTBS were highly variable, with half the participants showing an unexpected decrease in cortical excitability. Contrary to predictions, however, there were no age-related differences in the magnitude or manifestation of plasticity across bilateral motor cortices. The findings suggest that advancing age does not influence the capacity for, or manifestation of, plasticity induced by iTBS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Plasticity Induced by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Bilateral Motor Cortices Is Not Altered in Older Adults

2015

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“…This hypothesis seems to be supported by the significant effect we have on item 1 of the Disembodiment questionnaire (“It seemed like I was unable to move my hand”), which likely tests the sense of agency, with greater scores for rTMS than Sham session only in the Synchronous condition. Interestingly, previous studies (Di Lorenzo et al., ; Terao et al., ) showed that inhibitory (1 Hz) rTMS is effective in altering a motor output, as indexed by the showdown of movement production (i.e., increased reaction times, RT). Although we did not record RT here, we can speculate that, in the present experiment, the pairing of 1 Hz rTMS over M1 and the RHI procedure may have increased the feeling of being unable to move the hand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Losing my hand. Body ownership attenuation after virtual lesion of the primary motor cortex

Fossataro

Bruno

Giurgola

et al. 2018

Eur J of Neuroscience

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A fundamental component of the self-awareness is the sensation that we are acting with our own body. Thus, a coherent sense of self implies the existence of a tight link between the sense of body ownership and the motor system. Here, we investigated this issue by taking advantage of a well-known experimental manipulation of body ownership, i.e., the rubber hand illusion (RHI), during which the subjects perceive a fake hand as part of their own body. To test the effect of the motor system down-regulation on the RHI susceptibility, we designed a sham-controlled study, where the primary motor cortex (M1) excitability was modulated by off-line low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). After rTMS (real or sham), subjects underwent the RHI either on the right hand, contralateral to the inhibited hemisphere (Experiment 1), or on the left hand, ipsilateral to the inhibited hemisphere (Experiment 2). Only in Experiment 1, the procedure strengthened the illusory experience, as proved by a significant increase, in rTMS compared to Sham, of both subjective (Embodiment/Disembodiment Questionnaires) and objective (Proprioceptive Drift) RHI measures. This evidence demonstrates that, when the M1 activity is down-regulated, the sense of body ownership is attenuated and the subjects become more prone to incorporate an alien body part. This, in turn, supports the existence of a mutual interaction between the sense of body ownership and the motor system, shedding new light on the construction of a coherent sense of self as an acting body.

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“…We recently showed that high post-stroke fatigue was associated with low motor cortical excitability2 but was not related to finger dexterity, grip strength, sustained attention index and information processing speed. However, suppressing motor cortical excitability can alter movement times as well as reaction times 3. Movement time reflects efficiency of cortical control of musculature that depends on primary motor cortex excitability,4 whereas reaction times reflect movement preparation along with a small component of the time for movement initiation 5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-stroke fatigue: a problem of altered corticomotor control?

Kuppuswamy

Clark

Sandhu

et al. 2015

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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ObjectivesWe recently showed that diminished motor cortical excitability is associated with high levels of poststroke fatigue. Motor cortex excitability impacts movement parameters such as reaction and movement times. We predicted that one or both would be influenced by the presence of post-stroke fatigue. Methods 41 first-time stroke survivors (high fatigue n=21, Fatigue Severity Scale 7 (FSS-7) score >5; low fatigue n=20, FSS-7 score <3) participated in the study. Movement times, choice and simple reaction times were measured in all participants. Results A three way ANOVA with fatigue (high and low), task (movement time, simple reaction time and choice reaction time) and hand (affected and unaffected) as the three factors, revealed a significant difference between affected (but not unaffected) hand movement times in the high compared to low fatigue groups. Reaction times, however, were not different between the high-fatigue and low-fatigue groups in either the affected or unaffected hand. Conclusions Previously, we showed that motor cortex excitability is lower in patients with high post-stroke fatigue. Our current findings suggest that post-stroke fatigue (1) is a problem of movement speed ( possibly a consequence of diminished motor cortex excitability) and not movement preparation, and (2) may have a focal origin confined to the lesioned hemisphere. We suggest that low motor cortex excitability in the lesioned hemisphere is a viable therapeutic target in post-stroke fatigue.

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Influence of rTMS over the left primary motor cortex on initiation and performance of a simple movement executed with the contralateral arm in healthy volunteers

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Plasticity Induced by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Bilateral Motor Cortices Is Not Altered in Older Adults

Plasticity Induced by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Bilateral Motor Cortices Is Not Altered in Older Adults

Losing my hand. Body ownership attenuation after virtual lesion of the primary motor cortex

Post-stroke fatigue: a problem of altered corticomotor control?

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