Influence of response topography on the effect of apomorphine and amphetamine on operant behavior of pigeons

Graeff, Frederico Guilherme; Oliveira, L. De

doi:10.1007/bf00421069

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…To assess the behavioral specificity of these effects, liquid or solid food reinforcers were used to maintain behavior on either a response lever or a nose-poke device. Although previous studies utilizing drug self-administration in mice have demonstrated remarkably similar dose-effect functions generated with lever-press or nose-poke operant responses (Caine et al, 1999; David et al, 2001), the topography of the operant response can profoundly influence the behavioral effects of psychostimulants in other settings (Graeff and De Oliveira, 1975). Thus, the operant response and the particular food reinforcer maintaining behavior were parametrically varied across groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalation of food-maintained responding and sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice

Goeders

Murnane

Banks

et al. 2009

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Escalation of drug self-administration is a consequence of extended drug access and is thought to be specifically related to addiction, but few studies have investigated whether intake of non-drug reinforcers may also escalate with extended-access. The goal of these studies was to determine the effects of limited and extended-access to food reinforcers on behavioral and pharmacological endpoints in mice. In distinct groups, responding on a lever was maintained by liquid reinforcement, or nose-poke responses were maintained by sucrose pellets or liquid food in sessions lasting 1 hour (limited-access) or 10 hours (extended-access). The reinforcing strength of each food, as well as reinforcer-associated cues, was tested before and after extended-access using a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, and locomotor activity in response to novelty and increasing doses of cocaine was assessed in an open field setting in all animals after access to food reinforcers. Escalation of lever-pressing behavior reinforced by liquid food, but not nose-poke behavior reinforced by liquid food or sucrose pellets, was observed across successive extended-access sessions. A concomitant increase in the reinforcing strength of liquid food and its associated cues was apparent in mice that escalated their responding, but not in mice that did not escalate. Finally, extended reinforcer access leading to behavioral escalation was accompanied by an increased sensitivity to the psychostimulant effects of cocaine compared to limited-access. These findings indicate that behavioral escalation can develop as a consequence of extended-access to a non-drug reinforcer, although both the nature of the reinforcer (liquid versus solid food) and the topography of the operant response (lever versus nose-poke) modulate its development. These data also suggest that some of the behavioral and pharmacological corrolaries of behavioral escalation observed following extended-access to drug self-administration may not be due to drug exposure, but rather, may result from basic behavioral processes which underlie operant responding maintained by appetitive stimuli.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalation of food-maintained responding and sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice

Goeders

Murnane

Banks

et al. 2009

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Similarly, Weissman (1966) found that apomorphine doses from 0.5-8.0 mg/kg decreased operant responding in 4 pigeons but greatly stimulated responding in a fifth bird. Graeff and De Olivera (1975) examined key pecking and treadle pressing in separate components of a multiple fixed-interval schedule in pigeons. Doses from 0.1-1.0 mg apomorphine/kg eliminated treadle pressing in all 5 pigeons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of apomorphine on elicited and operant pecking in pigeons

Abelson

Woods

1980

Psychopharmacology

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The effects of apomorphine (0.001--32.0 mg/kg) on elicited and operant pecking were studied in pigeons. Elicited pecking was measured in a 1-h observation test. Apomorphine caused dose-related increases in the pecking elicited by the drug in all the subjects, with maximal responding at 3.2 mg/kg. In contrast, operant responding on a multiple, 5 min fixed interval, 30 response fixed-ratio schedule revealed individual differences in sensitivity to the drug. A dose of 0.32 mg/kg eliminated key pecking in fixed-interval and fixed-ratio components in 4 (group 1) of the 15 subjects while 3.2 mg/kg eliminated responding in 9 other subjects (group 2), and 2 of the subjects (group 3) required 32.0 mg/kg to eliminate responding. The 13 birds in groups 1 and 2 showed decreases in operant responding with concomitant increases in elicited pecking. For the 2 remaining birds, increases in operant behavior were highly correlated with increased stereotypy. The effects of apomorphine on operant behavior appeared to depend on induced stereotypy, with rate-decreasing effects resulting from the disruption of ongoing behavior by stereotyped pecking aimed elsewhere in the chamber, and rate increases resulting from the redirection of elicited pecking towards the operant key.

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“…Perhaps the greatest barrier to asking questions of function is that there is little data on why elicited pecking is directed on the key for some pigeons and off the key for others. Reinforcement history may play a role in determining the topography of apomorphine‐elicited pecking (Graeff & De Oliveira, 1975), although all of our pigeons had similar histories, suggesting other factors may be important. In an unpublished study, we examined the onset of elicited pecking in 2 pigeons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, our data show consistency across all pigeons with respect to reinforcer magnitude in terms of the potency of apomorphine's effects, which argue that differences in the location of the elicited pecks are simply topographical, and as just discussed, difference in maxima are due to the absence of a ceiling when pecks are directed toward the key. The literature has indicated that rate-increasing and rate-decreasing effects reflect the direction of the elicited pecks on or off the response key, respectively (Ableson & Woods, 1980;Graeff & Oliveira, 1975), and also suggest behavioral differences reflect distinct topographies, not functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work has shown that when the apomorphine-elicited pecks are directed at the operandum, operant response rate increases; when these pecks are directed at other parts of the apparatus, rate decreases (Abelson & Woods, 1980). It is likely such differences are topographical only and depend on the animal's individual history; for example, it has been shown that the characteristics of the operandum (key or treadle) can alter the topography of elicited pecking (Graeff & De Oliveira, 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reinforcer Magnitude Attenuates Apomorphine's Effects on Operant Pecking

Pinkston

Lamb

2012

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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When given to pigeons, the direct‐acting dopamine agonist apomorphine elicits pecking. The response has been likened to foraging pecking because it bears remarkable similarity to foraging behavior, and it is enhanced by food deprivation. On the other hand, other data suggest the response is not related to foraging behavior and may even interfere with food ingestion. Although elicited pecking interferes with food capture, it may selectively alter procurement phases of feeding, which can be isolated in operant preparations. To explore the relation between operant and elicited pecking, we provided pigeons the opportunity to earn different reinforcer magnitudes during experimental sessions. During signaled components, each of 4 pigeons could earn 2‐, 4‐, or 8‐s access to grain for a single peck made at the end of a 5‐min interval. In general, responding increased as a function of reinforcer magnitude. Apomorphine increased pecking for 2 pigeons and decreased pecking for the other 2. In both cases, apomorphine was more potent under the component providing the smallest reinforcer magnitude. Analysis of the pattern of pecking across the interval indicated that behavior lost its temporal organization as dose increased. Because apomorphine‐induced pecking varied inversely with reinforcer magnitude, we conclude that elicited pecks are not functionally related to food procurement. The data are consistent with the literature on behavioral resistance to change and suggest that the effects of apomorphine may be modulated by prevailing stimulus—reinforcer relationships.

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Influence of response topography on the effect of apomorphine and amphetamine on operant behavior of pigeons

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Escalation of food-maintained responding and sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice

Escalation of food-maintained responding and sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine in mice

Effects of apomorphine on elicited and operant pecking in pigeons

Reinforcer Magnitude Attenuates Apomorphine's Effects on Operant Pecking

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